Mengelola berkasLink to this heading#

Menggunakan berkas dalam modelLink to this heading#

Ketika anda menggunakan FileField atau ImageField, Django menyediakan sekumpulan dari API anda dapat gunakan untuk berhbungan dengan berkas itu.

Pertimbangkan model berikut, menggunakan ImageField untuk menyimpan sebuah foto:

from django.db import models


class Car(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    photo = models.ImageField(upload_to="cars")
    specs = models.FileField(upload_to="specs")

Any Car instance will have a photo attribute that you can use to get at the details of the attached photo:

>>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")
>>> car.photo
<ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>
>>> car.photo.name
'cars/chevy.jpg'
>>> car.photo.path
'/media/cars/chevy.jpg'
>>> car.photo.url
'https://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'

Obyek ini -- car.photo dalam contoh -- adalah obyek File, yang berarti itu mempunyai semua metode-metode dan atribut-atribut digambarkan dibawah.

For example, you can change the file name by setting the file's name to a path relative to the file storage's location (MEDIA_ROOT if you are using the default FileSystemStorage):

>>> import os
>>> from django.conf import settings
>>> initial_path = car.photo.path
>>> car.photo.name = "cars/chevy_ii.jpg"
>>> new_path = settings.MEDIA_ROOT + car.photo.name
>>> # Move the file on the filesystem
>>> os.rename(initial_path, new_path)
>>> car.save()
>>> car.photo.path
'/media/cars/chevy_ii.jpg'
>>> car.photo.path == new_path
True

To save an existing file on disk to a FileField:

>>> from pathlib import Path
>>> from django.core.files import File
>>> path = Path("/some/external/specs.pdf")
>>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")
>>> with path.open(mode="rb") as f:
...     car.specs = File(f, name=path.name)
...     car.save()
...

Obyek FileLink to this heading#

Di bagian dalam, Django menggunakan sebuah instance django.core.files.File kapanpun itu butuh untuk mewakili sebuah berkas.

Most of the time you'll use a File that Django's given you (i.e. a file attached to a model as above, or perhaps an uploaded file).

If you need to construct a File yourself, the easiest way is to create one using a Python built-in file object:

>>> from django.core.files import File

# Create a Python file object using open()
>>> f = open("/path/to/hello.world", "w")
>>> myfile = File(f)

Sekarang anda dapat menggunakan atribut-atribut terdokumentasi apapun dan metode-metode dari kelas File.

Be aware that files created in this way are not automatically closed. The following approach may be used to close files automatically:

>>> from django.core.files import File

# Create a Python file object using open() and the with statement
>>> with open("/path/to/hello.world", "w") as f:
...     myfile = File(f)
...     myfile.write("Hello World")
...
>>> myfile.closed
True
>>> f.closed
True

Closing files is especially important when accessing file fields in a loop over a large number of objects. If files are not manually closed after accessing them, the risk of running out of file descriptors may arise. This may lead to the following error:

OSError: [Errno 24] Too many open files

Penyimpanan berkasLink to this heading#

Behind the scenes, Django delegates decisions about how and where to store files to a file storage system. This is the object that actually understands things like file systems, opening and reading files, etc.

Django's default file storage is 'django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage'. If you don't explicitly provide a storage system in the default key of the STORAGES setting, this is the one that will be used.

Lihat dibawah untuk rincian dari sistem penyimpanan berkas awalan siap-pakai, dan lihat Bagaimana menulis kelas penyimpanan disesuaikan untuk informasi pada menulis sistem penyimpanan berkas anda sendiri.

>>> from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
>>> from django.core.files.storage import default_storage

>>> path = default_storage.save("path/to/file", ContentFile(b"new content"))
>>> path
'path/to/file'

>>> default_storage.size(path)
11
>>> default_storage.open(path).read()
b'new content'

>>> default_storage.delete(path)
>>> default_storage.exists(path)
False

from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
from django.db import models

fs = FileSystemStorage(location="/media/photos")


class Car(models.Model):
    ...
    photo = models.ImageField(storage=fs)

from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
from .storages import MyLocalStorage, MyRemoteStorage


def select_storage():
    return MyLocalStorage() if settings.DEBUG else MyRemoteStorage()


class MyModel(models.Model):
    my_file = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)

from django.core.files.storage import storages


def select_storage():
    return storages["mystorage"]


class MyModel(models.Model):
    upload = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)