GIS QuerySet API ReferenceLink para este cabeçalho

Spatial LookupsLink para este cabeçalho

The spatial lookups in this section are available for GeometryField and RasterField.

For an introduction, see the spatial lookups introduction. For an overview of what lookups are compatible with a particular spatial backend, refer to the spatial lookup compatibility table.

Lookups with rastersLink para este cabeçalho

All examples in the reference below are given for geometry fields and inputs, but the lookups can be used the same way with rasters on both sides. Whenever a lookup doesn’t support raster input, the input is automatically converted to a geometry where necessary using the ST_Polygon function. See also the introduction to raster lookups.

The database operators used by the lookups can be divided into three categories:

Native raster support N: the operator accepts rasters natively on both sides of the lookup, and raster input can be mixed with geometry inputs.
Bilateral raster support B: the operator supports rasters only if both sides of the lookup receive raster inputs. Raster data is automatically converted to geometries for mixed lookups.
Geometry conversion support C. The lookup does not have native raster support, all raster data is automatically converted to geometries.

The examples below show the SQL equivalent for the lookups in the different types of raster support. The same pattern applies to all spatial lookups.

Case	Lookup	SQL Equivalent
N, B	`rast__contains=rst`	`ST_Contains(rast, rst)`
N, B	`rast__1__contains=(rst, 2)`	`ST_Contains(rast, 1, rst, 2)`
B, C	`rast__contains=geom`	`ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)`
B, C	`rast__1__contains=geom`	`ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), geom)`
B, C	`poly__contains=rst`	`ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))`
B, C	`poly__contains=(rst, 1)`	`ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst, 1))`
C	`rast__crosses=rst`	`ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), ST_Polygon(rst))`
C	`rast__1__crosses=(rst, 2)`	`ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), ST_Polygon(rst, 2))`
C	`rast__crosses=geom`	`ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)`
C	`poly__crosses=rst`	`ST_Crosses(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))`

Spatial lookups with rasters are only supported for PostGIS backends (denominated as PGRaster in this section).

`bbcontains`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry or raster field’s bounding box completely contains the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bbcontains=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`poly ~ geom`
MySQL	`MBRContains(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`MbrContains(poly, geom)`

`bboverlaps`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box overlaps the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bboverlaps=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`poly && geom`
MySQL	`MBROverlaps(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`MbrOverlaps(poly, geom)`

`contained`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box is completely contained by the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contained=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`poly @ geom`
MySQL	`MBRWithin(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`MbrWithin(poly, geom)`

`contains`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially contains the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Contains(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_CONTAINS(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBRContains(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Contains(poly, geom)`

`contains_properly`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Returns true if the lookup geometry intersects the interior of the geometry field, but not the boundary (or exterior).

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains_properly=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_ContainsProperly(poly, geom)`

`coveredby`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if no point in the geometry field is outside the lookup geometry. [3]

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__coveredby=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_CoveredBy(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_COVEREDBY(poly, geom)`

`covers`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if no point in the lookup geometry is outside the geometry field. [3]

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__covers=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Covers(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_COVERS(poly, geom)`

`crosses`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field spatially crosses the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__crosses=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Crosses(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Crosses(poly, geom)`

`disjoint`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially disjoint from the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__disjoint=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Disjoint(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.RELATE(poly, 'DISJOINT', geom, 0.05)`
MySQL	`MBRDisjoint(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Disjoint(poly, geom)`

`equals`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially equal to the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__equals=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Equals(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBREquals(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Equals(poly, geom)`

`exact`, `same_as`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is “equal” to the lookup geometry. On Oracle and SpatiaLite it tests spatial equality, while on MySQL and PostGIS it tests equality of bounding boxes.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`poly ~= geom`
Oracle	`SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBREquals(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Equals(poly, geom)`

`intersects`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially intersects the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__intersects=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Intersects(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBRIntersects(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Intersects(poly, geom)`

`isvalid`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: MySQL (≥ 5.7.5), PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Tests if the geometry is valid.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__isvalid=True)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
MySQL, PostGIS, SpatiaLite	`ST_IsValid(poly)`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT(poly, 0.05) = 'TRUE'`

`overlaps`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

`relate`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially related to the lookup geometry by the values given in the given pattern. This lookup requires a tuple parameter, (geom, pattern); the form of pattern will depend on the spatial backend:

PostGIS & SpatiaLiteLink para este cabeçalho

On these spatial backends the intersection pattern is a string comprising nine characters, which define intersections between the interior, boundary, and exterior of the geometry field and the lookup geometry. The intersection pattern matrix may only use the following characters: 1, 2, T, F, or *. This lookup type allows users to “fine tune” a specific geometric relationship consistent with the DE-9IM model. [1]

Geometry example:

Code

# A tuple lookup parameter is used to specify the geometry and
# the intersection pattern (the pattern here is for 'contains').
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'T*T***FF*'))

PostGIS SQL equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

SpatiaLite SQL equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

Raster example:

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))
Zipcode.objects.filter(rast__2__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))

PostGIS SQL equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')
SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(ST_Polygon(rast, 2), ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')

OracleLink para este cabeçalho

Here the relation pattern is comprised of at least one of the nine relation strings: TOUCH, OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT, OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT, EQUAL, INSIDE, COVEREDBY, CONTAINS, COVERS, ON, and ANYINTERACT. Multiple strings may be combined with the logical Boolean operator OR, for example, 'inside+touch'. [2] The relation strings are case-insensitive.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'anyinteract'))

Oracle SQL equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE SDO_RELATE(poly, geom, 'anyinteract')

`touches`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite

Tests if the geometry field spatially touches the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__touches=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Touches(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBRTouches(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_TOUCH(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Touches(poly, geom)`

`within`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially within the lookup geometry.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=geom)

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Within(poly, geom)`
MySQL	`MBRWithin(poly, geom)`
Oracle	`SDO_INSIDE(poly, geom)`
SpatiaLite	`Within(poly, geom)`

`left`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box is strictly to the left of the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__left=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly << geom

`right`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box is strictly to the right of the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__right=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly >> geom

`overlaps_left`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box overlaps or is to the left of the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_left=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly &< geom

`overlaps_right`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box overlaps or is to the right of the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_right=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly &> geom

`overlaps_above`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box overlaps or is above the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_above=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly |&> geom

`overlaps_below`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box overlaps or is below the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_below=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly &<| geom

`strictly_above`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box is strictly above the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_above=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly |>> geom

`strictly_below`Link para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field’s bounding box is strictly below the lookup geometry’s bounding box.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_below=geom)

PostGIS equivalent:

Code

SELECT ... WHERE poly <<| geom

Distance LookupsLink para este cabeçalho

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

For an overview on performing distance queries, please refer to the distance queries introduction.

Distance lookups take the following form:

Code

<field>__<distance lookup>=(<geometry/raster>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
<field>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
<field>__<band_index>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])

The value passed into a distance lookup is a tuple; the first two values are mandatory, and are the geometry to calculate distances to, and a distance value (either a number in units of the field, a Distance object, or a query expression <ref/models/expressions>). To pass a band index to the lookup, use a 3-tuple where the second entry is the band index.

On every distance lookup except dwithin, an optional element, 'spheroid', may be included to use the more accurate spheroid distance calculation functions on fields with a geodetic coordinate system.

On PostgreSQL, the 'spheroid' option uses ST_DistanceSpheroid instead of ST_DistanceSphere. The simpler ST_Distance function is used with projected coordinate systems. Rasters are converted to geometries for spheroid based lookups.

`distance_gt`Link para este cabeçalho

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is greater than the given distance value.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gt=(geom, D(m=5)))

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) > 5`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) > 5`
SpatiaLite	`Distance(poly, geom) > 5`

`distance_gte`Link para este cabeçalho

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is greater than or equal to the given distance value.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gte=(geom, D(m=5)))

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) >= 5`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) >= 5`
SpatiaLite	`Distance(poly, geom) >= 5`

`distance_lt`Link para este cabeçalho

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is less than the given distance value.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lt=(geom, D(m=5)))

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) < 5`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) < 5`
SpatiaLite	`Distance(poly, geom) < 5`

`distance_lte`Link para este cabeçalho

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is less than or equal to the given distance value.

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lte=(geom, D(m=5)))

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) <= 5`
Oracle	`SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) <= 5`
SpatiaLite	`Distance(poly, geom) <= 5`

`dwithin`Link para este cabeçalho

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry are within the given distance from one another. Note that you can only provide Distance objects if the targeted geometries are in a projected system. For geographic geometries, you should use units of the geometry field (e.g. degrees for WGS84) .

Exemplo

Code

Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__dwithin=(geom, D(m=5)))

Backend	SQL Equivalent
PostGIS	`ST_DWithin(poly, geom, 5)`
Oracle	`SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 5)`
SpatiaLite	`PtDistWithin(poly, geom, 5)`

Funções de AgregaçãoLink para este cabeçalho

Django provides some GIS-specific aggregate functions. For details on how to use these aggregate functions, see the topic guide on aggregation.

Keyword Argument	Descrição
`tolerance`	This keyword is for Oracle only. It is for the tolerance value used by the `SDOAGGRTYPE` procedure; the Oracle documentation has more details.

Exemplo

Code

>>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent, Union
>>> WorldBorder.objects.aggregate(Extent('mpoly'), Union('mpoly'))

`Collect`Link para este cabeçalho

class Collect(geo_field)Link para esta definição

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Returns a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION or a MULTI geometry object from the geometry column. This is analogous to a simplified version of the Union aggregate, except it can be several orders of magnitude faster than performing a union because it simply rolls up geometries into a collection or multi object, not caring about dissolving boundaries.

`Extent`Link para este cabeçalho

class Extent(geo_field)Link para esta definição

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Returns the extent of all geo_field in the QuerySet as a four-tuple, comprising the lower left coordinate and the upper right coordinate.

Exemplo

Code

>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__extent'])
(-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)

`Extent3D`Link para este cabeçalho

class Extent3D(geo_field)Link para esta definição

Availability: PostGIS

Returns the 3D extent of all geo_field in the QuerySet as a six-tuple, comprising the lower left coordinate and upper right coordinate (each with x, y, and z coordinates).

Exemplo

Code

>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent3D('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__extent3d'])
(-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, 0, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820, 0)

`MakeLine`Link para este cabeçalho

class MakeLine(geo_field)Link para esta definição

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Returns a LineString constructed from the point field geometries in the QuerySet. Currently, ordering the queryset has no effect.

Exemplo

Code

>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(MakeLine('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__makeline'])
LINESTRING (-95.3631510000000020 29.7633739999999989, -96.8016109999999941 32.7820570000000018)

`Union`Link para este cabeçalho

class Union(geo_field)Link para esta definição

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

This method returns a GEOSGeometry object comprising the union of every geometry in the queryset. Please note that use of Union is processor intensive and may take a significant amount of time on large querysets.

Exemplo

Code

>>> u = Zipcode.objects.aggregate(Union(poly))  # This may take a long time.
>>> u = Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=bbox).aggregate(Union(poly))  # A more sensible approach.

Notas de rodapé

GIS QuerySet API ReferenceLink para este cabeçalho#

Spatial LookupsLink para este cabeçalho#

Lookups with rastersLink para este cabeçalho#

bbcontainsLink para este cabeçalho#

bboverlapsLink para este cabeçalho#

containedLink para este cabeçalho#

containsLink para este cabeçalho#

contains_properlyLink para este cabeçalho#

coveredbyLink para este cabeçalho#

coversLink para este cabeçalho#

crossesLink para este cabeçalho#

disjointLink para este cabeçalho#

equalsLink para este cabeçalho#

exact, same_asLink para este cabeçalho#

intersectsLink para este cabeçalho#

isvalidLink para este cabeçalho#

overlapsLink para este cabeçalho#

relateLink para este cabeçalho#

PostGIS & SpatiaLiteLink para este cabeçalho#

OracleLink para este cabeçalho#

touchesLink para este cabeçalho#

withinLink para este cabeçalho#

leftLink para este cabeçalho#

rightLink para este cabeçalho#

overlaps_leftLink para este cabeçalho#

overlaps_rightLink para este cabeçalho#

overlaps_aboveLink para este cabeçalho#

overlaps_belowLink para este cabeçalho#

strictly_aboveLink para este cabeçalho#

strictly_belowLink para este cabeçalho#

Distance LookupsLink para este cabeçalho#

distance_gtLink para este cabeçalho#

distance_gteLink para este cabeçalho#

distance_ltLink para este cabeçalho#

distance_lteLink para este cabeçalho#

dwithinLink para este cabeçalho#

Funções de AgregaçãoLink para este cabeçalho#

CollectLink para este cabeçalho#

ExtentLink para este cabeçalho#

Extent3DLink para este cabeçalho#

MakeLineLink para este cabeçalho#

UnionLink para este cabeçalho#

GIS QuerySet API ReferenceLink para este cabeçalho

Spatial LookupsLink para este cabeçalho

Lookups with rastersLink para este cabeçalho

`bbcontains`Link para este cabeçalho

`bboverlaps`Link para este cabeçalho

`contained`Link para este cabeçalho

`contains`Link para este cabeçalho

`contains_properly`Link para este cabeçalho

`coveredby`Link para este cabeçalho

`covers`Link para este cabeçalho

`crosses`Link para este cabeçalho

`disjoint`Link para este cabeçalho

`equals`Link para este cabeçalho

`exact`, `same_as`Link para este cabeçalho

`intersects`Link para este cabeçalho

`isvalid`Link para este cabeçalho

`overlaps`Link para este cabeçalho

`relate`Link para este cabeçalho

PostGIS & SpatiaLiteLink para este cabeçalho

OracleLink para este cabeçalho

`touches`Link para este cabeçalho

`within`Link para este cabeçalho

`left`Link para este cabeçalho

`right`Link para este cabeçalho

`overlaps_left`Link para este cabeçalho

`overlaps_right`Link para este cabeçalho

`overlaps_above`Link para este cabeçalho

`overlaps_below`Link para este cabeçalho

`strictly_above`Link para este cabeçalho

`strictly_below`Link para este cabeçalho

Distance LookupsLink para este cabeçalho

`distance_gt`Link para este cabeçalho

`distance_gte`Link para este cabeçalho

`distance_lt`Link para este cabeçalho

`distance_lte`Link para este cabeçalho

`dwithin`Link para este cabeçalho

Funções de AgregaçãoLink para este cabeçalho

`Collect`Link para este cabeçalho

`Extent`Link para este cabeçalho

`Extent3D`Link para este cabeçalho

`MakeLine`Link para este cabeçalho

`Union`Link para este cabeçalho