モデルフィールドリファレンスLink to this heading

このドキュメントには、Django が提供する field optionsfield types を含む、Field の全ての API リファレンスが記載されています。

フィールドオプションLink to this heading

以下の引数は全てのフィールドタイプで有効です。全て省略可能です。

nullLink to this heading

Field.nullLink to this definition

True``の場合、Django はデータベース内に ``NULL として空の値を保持します。デフォルトは False です。

Avoid using null on string-based fields such as CharField and TextField. If a string-based field has null=True, that means it has two possible values for "no data": NULL, and the empty string. In most cases, it's redundant to have two possible values for "no data;" the Django convention is to use the empty string, not NULL. One exception is when a CharField has both unique=True and blank=True set. In this situation, null=True is required to avoid unique constraint violations when saving multiple objects with blank values.

文字列ベースと非文字列ベースのフィールドのどちらでも、フォーム内で空の値を許容したい場合には、blank=True をセットすることも必要となります。これは、null パラメータはデータベーストレー時のみに影響するためです (blank を参照してください)。

blankLink to this heading

Field.blankLink to this definition

True の場合、フィールドはブランクになることが許容されます。デフォルトは False です。

null とは異なる点に注意してください。null が純粋にデータベースに関連する一方で、blank はバリデーションに関連します。フィールドが blank=True を持つ場合、フォームバリデーションは空の値のエントリーを許容します。blank=False を持つ場合、フィールドは必須となります。

choicesLink to this heading

Field.choicesLink to this definition

A sequence consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g. [(A, B), (A, B) ...]) to use as choices for this field. If choices are given, they're enforced by model validation and the default form widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the standard text field.

各タプルの最初の要素は、モデル上でセットするための実際の値です。2 番目の要素は人間が読むための名前です。例えば:

Code
YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
    ('FR', 'Freshman'),
    ('SO', 'Sophomore'),
    ('JR', 'Junior'),
    ('SR', 'Senior'),
]

一般的に、モデルクラスの内部で選択肢を定義し、それぞれの値に適切に名前づけられた定数を定義するのがベストです:

Code
from django.db import models

class Student(models.Model):
    FRESHMAN = 'FR'
    SOPHOMORE = 'SO'
    JUNIOR = 'JR'
    SENIOR = 'SR'
    YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
        (FRESHMAN, 'Freshman'),
        (SOPHOMORE, 'Sophomore'),
        (JUNIOR, 'Junior'),
        (SENIOR, 'Senior'),
    ]
    year_in_school = models.CharField(
        max_length=2,
        choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES,
        default=FRESHMAN,
    )

    def is_upperclass(self):
        return self.year_in_school in (self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR)

モデルクラスの外部で選択肢のリストを定義して参照することもできますが、モデルの内部でそれぞれの選択肢の値と名前を定義することは、全ての情報をクラスとともに維持し、選択肢を参照しやすくします (例: Student.SOPHOMORE は、Student モデルがインポートされたあらゆる場所で使うことができます)。

組織化する目的に使用できる、名前付きグループに利用可能な選択肢を収集することもできます。

Code
MEDIA_CHOICES = [
    ('Audio', (
            ('vinyl', 'Vinyl'),
            ('cd', 'CD'),
        )
    ),
    ('Video', (
            ('vhs', 'VHS Tape'),
            ('dvd', 'DVD'),
        )
    ),
    ('unknown', 'Unknown'),
]

各タプルの最初の要素はグループに適用するための名前です。2 番目の要素は 2- タプルの iterale です。値とオプションのための人間が読むための名前を含んだ 各 2- タプルを伴います。グループ化されたオプションは、1 つのリストの中でグループ化されていないオプションと結合することができます (例えば、この例の unknown オプションです)。

choices がセットされているモデルフィールドごとに、Django はフィールドの現在の値に対して人間が読める名前を取得するメソッドを追加します。データベース API ドキュメントの get_FOO_display() を参照してください。

Note that choices can be any sequence object -- not necessarily a list or tuple. This lets you construct choices dynamically. But if you find yourself hacking choices to be dynamic, you're probably better off using a proper database table with a ForeignKey. choices is meant for static data that doesn't change much, if ever.

blank=Falsedefault とともにフィールド上にセットされない限り、"---------" を含むラベルがセレクトボックスに表示されます。この動作をオーバーライドするためには、None を含む choices にタプルを追加してください; 例えば (None, '表示専用の文字列'). もしくは、None の代わりに空の文字列を使うこともできます。これは特に CharField などに適しています。

db_columnLink to this heading

Field.db_columnLink to this definition

このフィールドを使用するためのデータベースのカラムの名前です。もし与えられなければ、Django はフィールド名を使用します。

データベースのカラム名が SQL の予約語だったり、Python の変数名として使用できない文字 (特に多いのがハイフン) が含まれていたとしても大丈夫です。Django はカラムとテーブルの名前を自動的にクオートして処理してくれます。

db_indexLink to this heading

Field.db_indexLink to this definition

True の場合、データベースインデックスがこのフィールドのために生成されます。

db_tablespaceLink to this heading

Field.db_tablespaceLink to this definition

The name of the database tablespace to use for this field's index, if this field is indexed. The default is the project's DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE setting, if set, or the db_tablespace of the model, if any. If the backend doesn't support tablespaces for indexes, this option is ignored.

defaultLink to this heading

Field.defaultLink to this definition

そのフィールドのデフォルト値です。このオプションには特定の値もしくは呼び出し可能オブジェクトを渡すことができます。もし渡した値が呼び出し可能であれば新しくオブジェクトが生成される度に呼び出されます。

The default can't be a mutable object (model instance, list, set, etc.), as a reference to the same instance of that object would be used as the default value in all new model instances. Instead, wrap the desired default in a callable. For example, if you want to specify a default dict for JSONField, use a function:

Code
def contact_default():
    return {"email": "to1@example.com"}

contact_info = JSONField("ContactInfo", default=contact_default)

lambdas can't be used for field options like default because they can't be serialized by migrations. See that documentation for other caveats.

For fields like ForeignKey that map to model instances, defaults should be the value of the field they reference (pk unless to_field is set) instead of model instances.

The default value is used when new model instances are created and a value isn't provided for the field. When the field is a primary key, the default is also used when the field is set to None.

editableLink to this heading

Field.editableLink to this definition

If False, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other ModelForm. They are also skipped during model validation. Default is True.

error_messagesLink to this heading

Field.error_messagesLink to this definition

The error_messages argument lets you override the default messages that the field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you want to override.

Error message keys include null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date. Additional error message keys are specified for each field in the Field types section below.

These error messages often don't propagate to forms. See モデルの error_messages のレンダリングを考える.

help_textLink to this heading

Field.help_textLink to this definition

フォームウィジェットと共に表示される "補助" テキストになります。この値はフィールドがフォームとして利用されない場合でもドキュメント化する際に有用です。

Note that this value is not HTML-escaped in automatically-generated forms. This lets you include HTML in help_text if you so desire. For example:

Code
help_text="Please use the following format: <em>YYYY-MM-DD</em>."

Alternatively you can use plain text and django.utils.html.escape() to escape any HTML special characters. Ensure that you escape any help text that may come from untrusted users to avoid a cross-site scripting attack.

primary_keyLink to this heading

Field.primary_keyLink to this definition

True の場合、設定したフィールドはそのモデルの主キーとなります。

If you don't specify primary_key=True for any field in your model, Django will automatically add an AutoField to hold the primary key, so you don't need to set primary_key=True on any of your fields unless you want to override the default primary-key behavior. For more, see 自動インクリメントのプライマリーキーフィールド.

primary_key=True implies null=False and unique=True. Only one primary key is allowed on an object.

The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created alongside the old one.

uniqueLink to this heading

Field.uniqueLink to this definition

True の場合、そのフィールドはテーブル上で一意となる制約を受けます。

This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a unique field, a django.db.IntegrityError will be raised by the model's save() method.

This option is valid on all field types except ManyToManyField and OneToOneField.

Note that when unique is True, you don't need to specify db_index, because unique implies the creation of an index.

unique_for_dateLink to this heading

Field.unique_for_dateLink to this definition

Set this to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to require that this field be unique for the value of the date field.

For example, if you have a field title that has unique_for_date="pub_date", then Django wouldn't allow the entry of two records with the same title and pub_date.

Note that if you set this to point to a DateTimeField, only the date portion of the field will be considered. Besides, when USE_TZ is True, the check will be performed in the current time zone at the time the object gets saved.

This is enforced by Model.validate_unique() during model validation but not at the database level. If any unique_for_date constraint involves fields that are not part of a ModelForm (for example, if one of the fields is listed in exclude or has editable=False), Model.validate_unique() will skip validation for that particular constraint.

unique_for_monthLink to this heading

Field.unique_for_monthLink to this definition

Like unique_for_date, but requires the field to be unique with respect to the month.

unique_for_yearLink to this heading

Field.unique_for_yearLink to this definition

Like unique_for_date and unique_for_month.

verbose_nameLink to this heading

Field.verbose_nameLink to this definition

A human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn't given, Django will automatically create it using the field's attribute name, converting underscores to spaces. See Verbose field names.

validatorsLink to this heading

Field.validatorsLink to this definition

A list of validators to run for this field. See the validators documentation for more information.

Registering and fetching lookupsLink to this heading

Field implements the lookup registration API. The API can be used to customize which lookups are available for a field class, and how lookups are fetched from a field.

フィールドの型Link to this heading

AutoFieldLink to this heading

class AutoField(**options)Link to this definition

利用可能な ID に応じて、自動的にインクリメントする IntegerField です。通常は直接使う必要はありません; 指定しない場合は、主キーのフィールドが自動的にモデルに追加されます。自動インクリメントのプライマリーキーフィールド も参照してください。

BigAutoFieldLink to this heading

class BigAutoField(**options)Link to this definition

64 ビットの数値です。1 から 9223372036854775807 までの数を扱える以外は、AutoField と同じです。

BigIntegerFieldLink to this heading

class BigIntegerField(**options)Link to this definition

64 ビットの数値です。-9223372036854775808 から 9223372036854775807 を扱える以外は IntegerField と同じです。このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。

BinaryFieldLink to this heading

class BinaryField(max_length=None, **options)Link to this definition

A field to store raw binary data. It can be assigned bytes, bytearray, or memoryview.

By default, BinaryField sets editable to False, in which case it can't be included in a ModelForm.

BinaryField has one extra optional argument:

BinaryField.max_lengthLink to this definition

The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The maximum length is enforced in Django's validation using MaxLengthValidator.

BooleanFieldLink to this heading

class BooleanField(**options)Link to this definition

true/false のフィールドです。

The default form widget for this field is CheckboxInput, or NullBooleanSelect if null=True.

Field.default が定義されていないときの BooleanField のデフォルト値は None です。

CharFieldLink to this heading

class CharField(max_length=None, **options)Link to this definition

小 - 大サイズの文字列のフィールドです。

多量のテキストを扱うときは TextField を使ってください。

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。

CharField には追加的な必須の引数があります:

CharField.max_lengthLink to this definition

The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The max_length is enforced at the database level and in Django's validation using MaxLengthValidator.

DateFieldLink to this heading

class DateField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)Link to this definition

Python で datetime.date インスタンスによって表される日付です。多少の追加的な省略可能な引数を持ちます:

DateField.auto_nowLink to this definition

オブジェクトが保存される度に自動的に現在の日付をセットします。"最後の変更" タイムスタンプに役立ちます。現在の日付が常に使われる点に注意してください; オーバーライドできる単なるデフォルト値ではありません。

Model.save() が呼ばれたとき、フィールドは自動的に更新されるだけです。QuerySet.update() のような別の方法で他のフィールドに更新を加えるとき、フィールドは更新されません。あのように更新の中でフィールドの独自の値を指定できるとしてもです。

DateField.auto_now_addLink to this definition

オブジェクトが最初に作成されるとき、自動的にフィールドに現在の日付をセットします。タイムスタンプの作成に役立ちます。現在の日付が 常に 使われる点に注意してください; オーバーライドできる単なるデフォルト値ではありません。たとえオブジェクトを作成するときに値をセットしたとしても無視されます。このフィールドを修正できるようにしておきたい場合は、auto_now_add=True の代わりに以下をセットしてください:

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。admin は JavaScript カレンダーと "今日" のショートカットを加えます。追加の invalid_date エラーメッセージキーを含みます。

オプション auto_now_addauto_now、default` は相互に排他的です。これらのオプションを組み合わせるとエラーが発生します。

DateTimeFieldLink to this heading

class DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)Link to this definition

Python で datetime.datetime インスタンスによって表される日付と時刻です。DateField と同じくいくつかの追加的な引数を持ちます:

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは単一の TextInput です。admin は JavaScript ショートカットとともに 2 つの別々の TextInput ウィジェットを使います。

DecimalFieldLink to this heading

class DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **options)Link to this definition

A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a Decimal instance. It validates the input using DecimalValidator.

Has two required arguments:

DecimalField.max_digitsLink to this definition

数値内で使える桁数の最大値です。 decimal_places 以上でなければならない点に注意してください。

DecimalField.decimal_placesLink to this definition

数値とともに保持される小数点以下の位の数です。

例えば、小数点以下第2位の精度で 999 までの数値を保持するためには、以下を指定します:

Code
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)

小数点以下第10位の精度で約10億までを保持するには:

Code
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localizeFalse のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。

DurationFieldLink to this heading

class DurationField(**options)Link to this definition

時刻の期間を保持するフィールドで、 Python の timedelta によってモデル化されます。PostgreSQL で使われるときに用いられるデータ型は interval で、Oracle でのデータ型は INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6)``です。 それ以外では、マイクロ秒の ``bigint が使われます。

EmailFieldLink to this heading

class EmailField(max_length=254, **options)Link to this definition

A CharField that checks that the value is a valid email address using EmailValidator.

FileFieldLink to this heading

class FileField(upload_to=None, max_length=100, **options)Link to this definition

ファイルアップロードのフィールドです。

2 つの省略可能な引数があります:

FileField.upload_toLink to this definition

この属性は、アップロードディレクトリとファイル名を設定する方法を提供し、2 つの方法でセットできます。どちらの場合も、値は Storage.save() メソッドに渡されます。

If you specify a string value, it may contain strftime() formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded files don't fill up the given directory). For example:

Code
class MyModel(models.Model):
    # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/')
    # or...
    # file will be saved to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads/2015/01/30
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/%Y/%m/%d/')

If you are using the default FileSystemStorage, the string value will be appended to your MEDIA_ROOT path to form the location on the local filesystem where uploaded files will be stored. If you are using a different storage, check that storage's documentation to see how it handles upload_to.

upload_to may also be a callable, such as a function. This will be called to obtain the upload path, including the filename. This callable must accept two arguments and return a Unix-style path (with forward slashes) to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments are:

Argument

説明

instance

An instance of the model where the FileField is defined. More specifically, this is the particular instance where the current file is being attached.

In most cases, this object will not have been saved to the database yet, so if it uses the default AutoField, it might not yet have a value for its primary key field.

filename

The filename that was originally given to the file. This may or may not be taken into account when determining the final destination path.

例:

Code
def user_directory_path(instance, filename):
    # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/user_<id>/<filename>
    return 'user_{0}/{1}'.format(instance.user.id, filename)

class MyModel(models.Model):
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to=user_directory_path)
FileField.storageLink to this definition

A storage object, which handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See ファイルの管理 for details on how to provide this object.

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは ClearableFileInput です。

モデル内で a FileFieldImageField (後述) 使うにはいくつかのステップを取ります:

  1. 設定ファイル内で MEDIA_ROOT を指定します。この値は、Django がアップロードされたファイルを置く場所にします (パフォーマン ス上の理由から、ファイルをデータベースに置くことはありません)。 MEDIA_URL をそのディレクトリの公開 URL にします。ディレク トリは Web サーバのユーザアカウントに対して書き込み可能にしておかねばなりません。

  2. Add the FileField or ImageField to your model, defining the upload_to option to specify a subdirectory of MEDIA_ROOT to use for uploaded files.

  3. All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file (relative to MEDIA_ROOT). You'll most likely want to use the convenience url attribute provided by Django. For example, if your ImageField is called mug_shot, you can get the absolute path to your image in a template with {{ object.mug_shot.url }}.

For example, say your MEDIA_ROOT is set to '/home/media', and upload_to is set to 'photos/%Y/%m/%d'. The '%Y/%m/%d' part of upload_to is strftime() formatting; '%Y' is the four-digit year, '%m' is the two-digit month and '%d' is the two-digit day. If you upload a file on Jan. 15, 2007, it will be saved in the directory /home/media/photos/2007/01/15.

If you wanted to retrieve the uploaded file's on-disk filename, or the file's size, you could use the name and size attributes respectively; for more information on the available attributes and methods, see the File class reference and the ファイルの管理 topic guide.

The uploaded file's relative URL can be obtained using the url attribute. Internally, this calls the url() method of the underlying Storage class.

Note that whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention to where you're uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid security holes. Validate all uploaded files so that you're sure the files are what you think they are. For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files, without validation, to a directory that's within your Web server's document root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by visiting its URL on your site. Don't allow that.

Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the browser (though not by the server), can pose security threats that are equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks.

FileField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the max_length argument.

FileFieldFieldFileLink to this heading

class FieldFileLink to this definition

モデル上の FileField にアクセスするとき、元となるファイルにアアクセスするためのプロキシとして、FieldFile のインスタンスが与えられます。

FieldFile の API は File の API を反映していますが、主な違いが 1 つあります: クラスによってラップされたオブジェクトは必ずしも Python のビルトインのファイルオブジェクトのラッパーであるとは限りません。 代わりに、Storage.open() メソッドの結果を包むラッパーで、これは File オブジェクトもしくは File API の独自ストレージの実装となります。

In addition to the API inherited from File such as read() and write(), FieldFile includes several methods that can be used to interact with the underlying file:

FieldFile.nameLink to this definition

関連する FileFieldStorage のルートからの相対パスを含むファイル名です。

FieldFile.sizeLink to this definition

元となる Storage.size() メソッドの結果です。

FieldFile.urlLink to this definition

元となる Storage クラス の url() メソッドを呼ぶことによって、ファイルの相対 URL にアクセスするための読み取り専用プロパティです。

FieldFile.open(mode='rb')Link to this definition

このインスタンスに関連付けられたファイルを、指定された モード で開くか、開き直します。標準の Python の open() メソッドとは違い、ファイルのデスクリプタを返しません。

元となるファイルはアクセスするときに暗黙的に開かれるので、元となるファイルにポインタをリセットするためか モード を変更するため以外には、このメソッドを呼ぶ必要はないでしょう。

FieldFile.close()Link to this definition

標準の Python の file.close() メソッドのように動作し、このインスタンスに関連付けられたファイルを閉じます。

FieldFile.save(name, content, save=True)Link to this definition

このメソッドは、ファイル名とファイルの内容を取り、それらをフィールドのストレージクラスに渡し、格納されたファイルをモデルフィールドに関連付けます。 手動でファイルデータをモデル上の FileField インスタンスに関連付けるには、save() メソッドを使用してそのファイルデータを保持します。

2 つの必要な引数をとります: name はファイルの名前で、content はファイルの内容を含むオブジェクトです。 省略可能な save 引数は、このフィールドに関連付けられたファイルが変更された後にモデルインスタンスが保存されるかどうかをコントロールします。 デフォルトは True です。

content 引数は、Python のビルトインのファイルオブジェクトではなく、django.core.files.File のインスタンスでなければならないことに注意してください。 以下のように、既存の Python ファイルオブジェクトから File を構築することができます:

Code
from django.core.files import File
# Open an existing file using Python's built-in open()
f = open('/path/to/hello.world')
myfile = File(f)

もしくは、以下のように Python の文字列から構築することもできます:

Code
from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
myfile = ContentFile("hello world")

より詳しくは ファイルの管理 をご覧ください。

FieldFile.delete(save=True)Link to this definition

このインスタンスに関連付けられているファイルを削除し、フィールドのすべての属性をクリアします。 注: このメソッドは、delete() が呼び出されたときにファイルが開いた場合、ファイルを閉じます。

省略可能な save 引数は、このフィールドに関連付けられたファイルが削除された後にモデルインスタンスを保存するかどうかをコントロールします。 デフォルトは True です。

モデルを削除するとき、関連ファイルは削除されない点に注意してください。 孤立したファイルをクリーンアップする必要がある場合、自分で処理する必要があります (例えば、手動で実行したり、例えば cron などを通して定期的に実行される、独自の管理コマンドです)。

FilePathFieldLink to this heading

class FilePathField(path=None, match=None, recursive=False, max_length=100, **options)Link to this definition

ファイルシステム上の特定のディレクトリ内のファイル名に選択肢が制限されている CharField です。3 つの特別な引数があり、最初の 1 つは 必須 です:

FilePathField.pathLink to this definition

必須です。FilePathField が選択肢から取得するディレクトリへの、ファイルシステムの絶対パスです。例: "/home/images"

FilePathField.matchLink to this definition

省略可能です。正規表現で、文字列として、FilePathField がファイル名をフィルタリングするために使用します。 正規表現は、フルパスではなくベースファイル名に適用される点に注意してください。 例: "foo.*\.txt$"。これは foo23.txt とは合致しますが、bar.txtfoo23.png とは合致しません。

FilePathField.recursiveLink to this definition

省略可能です。TrueFalse のどちらかを取り、デフォルトは False です。path の全てのサブディレクトリを含むかどうかを指定します。

FilePathField.allow_filesLink to this definition

省略可能です。TrueFalse を取り、デフォルトは True です。指定された場所にあるファイルを含むかどうかを指定します。 これか allow_folders のどちらかを True にする必要があります。

FilePathField.allow_foldersLink to this definition

省略可能です。TrueFalse を取り、デフォルトは False です。指定した場所にあるフォルダーを含むかどうかを指定します。これか allow_files のどちらかを True にする必要があります。

もちろん、これらの引数は同時に使うことができます。

1つの可能性は、フルパスではなく、ベースファイル名に match が適用されることです。 したがって、この例:

Code
FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True)

...は、/home/images/foo/bar.png ではなく /home/images/foo.png とマッチします。これは、match がベースのファイル名に適用されるからです (foo.pngbar.png)。

FilePathField のインスタンスは、デフォルトが最大 100 文字の varchar カラムとして、データベース上に生成されます。他のフィールドと同様に、max_length 引数を使って最大文字数を変更することができます。

FloatFieldLink to this heading

class FloatField(**options)Link to this definition

float インスタンスによって表される Python の浮動小数点数です。

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localizeFalse のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。

ImageFieldLink to this heading

class ImageField(upload_to=None, height_field=None, width_field=None, max_length=100, **options)Link to this definition

FileField から全ての属性とメソッドを継承して、さらにアップロードされたオブジェクトが有効な画像であることを検証します。

FileField で使える専用の属性に加えて、ImageField には heightwidth 属性があります。

これらの属性の照会を容易にするために、ImageField には 2 つの追加的な省略可能な引数があります:

ImageField.height_fieldLink to this definition

モデルインスタンスが保存される度に画像の高さで自動入力される、モデルフィールドの名前です。

ImageField.width_fieldLink to this definition

モデルインスタンスが保存される度に画像の幅で自動入力される、モデルフィールドの名前です。

Pillow ライブラリを必要とします。

ImageField のインスタンスは、デフォルトが最大 100 文字の varchar カラムとして、データベース上に生成されます。他のフィールドと同様に、max_length 引数を使って最大文字数を変更することができます。

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは ClearableFileInput です。

IntegerFieldLink to this heading

class IntegerField(**options)Link to this definition

An integer. Values from -2147483648 to 2147483647 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

It uses MinValueValidator and MaxValueValidator to validate the input based on the values that the default database supports.

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localizeFalse のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。

GenericIPAddressFieldLink to this heading

class GenericIPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)Link to this definition

IPv4 か IPv6 のアドレスで、文字列フォーマットです (例: 192.0.2.30 ないし 2a02:42fe::4)。このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。

IPv6 アドレスは、 RFC 4291 Section 2.2 section 2.2 (同セクションの paragraph 3 で提案された IPv4 のフォーマットの使用を含む) にしたがって、 ::ffff:192.0.2.0 のように正規化します。たとえば、 2001:0::0:012001::1 と正規化され、 ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a::ffff:10.10.10.10 と正規化されます。そして、すべての文字は小文字に変換されます。

GenericIPAddressField.protocolLink to this definition

有効なインプットを、指定したプロトコルに制限します。 使用可能な値は 'both' (デフォルト)、'IPv4''IPv6' のどれかです。マッチングは大文字と小文字を区別しません。

GenericIPAddressField.unpack_ipv4Link to this definition

IPv4 にマッピングされた ::ffff:192.0.2.1 のようなアドレスをアンパックします。このオプションを有効にすると、このアドレスは 192.0.2.1 とアンパックされます。デフォルトは無効です。protocol'both' に設定されている場合にだけ使用できます。

ブランク値を要する場合、ブランク値は null として保持されるため、null 値を許容する必要があります。

NullBooleanFieldLink to this heading

class NullBooleanField(**options)Link to this definition

Like BooleanField with null=True. Use that instead of this field as it's likely to be deprecated in a future version of Django.

PositiveIntegerFieldLink to this heading

class PositiveIntegerField(**options)Link to this definition

IntegerField とほぼ同じですが、正の値かゼロ (0) でなければなりません。Django によってサポートされる全てのデータベースで、0 から 2147483647 までの値は安全です。後方互換性の理由から、値 0 が有効となっています。

PositiveSmallIntegerFieldLink to this heading

class PositiveSmallIntegerField(**options)Link to this definition

PositiveIntegerField とほぼ同じですが、特定の (データベースに依存した) ポイントより下の値のみを許容します。Django でサポートされている全てのデータベースで、0 から 32767 までの値は安全です。

SlugFieldLink to this heading

class SlugField(max_length=50, **options)Link to this definition

Slug is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. They're generally used in URLs.

CharField のように、max_length を指定することもできます (データベースの可搬性についてのノートとそのセクションの max_length も参照してください)。max_length が指定されていないとき、Django はデフォルトの文字数 50 を使います。

暗黙的に Field.db_indexTrue にセットします。

It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value of some other value. You can do this automatically in the admin using prepopulated_fields.

It uses validate_slug or validate_unicode_slug for validation.

SlugField.allow_unicodeLink to this definition

If True, the field accepts Unicode letters in addition to ASCII letters. Defaults to False.

SmallIntegerFieldLink to this heading

class SmallIntegerField(**options)Link to this definition

IntegerField とほぼ同じですが、特定の (データベースに依存した) ポイントより下の値のみを許容します。Django でサポートされている全てのデータベースで、-32768 から 32767 までの値は安全です。

TextFieldLink to this heading

class TextField(**options)Link to this definition

多量のテキストのフィールドです。このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは Textarea です。

max_length 属性を指定した場合、自動生成されたフォームフィールドの Textarea ウィジェット内で反映されます。ただし、モデルやデータベースのレベルでは施行されません。そのためには CharField を使用してください。

TimeFieldLink to this heading

class TimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)Link to this definition

Python で datetime.time インスタンスによって表される時刻です。DateField と同じ自動入力されるオプションを受け入れます。

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。admin がいくつかの JavaScript ショートカットを加えます.

URLFieldLink to this heading

class URLField(max_length=200, **options)Link to this definition

A CharField for a URL, validated by URLValidator.

このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。

全ての CharField サブクラスと同じく、URLField は省略可能な max_length 引数を取ります。max_length を指定しない場合、デフォルトの 200 が使われます。

UUIDFieldLink to this heading

class UUIDField(**options)Link to this definition

UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) を保持するためのフィールドです。Python's UUID クラスを使います。 PostgreSQL 上で使われるとき、uuid データ型の中に保持します。それ以外は char(32) の中に保持します。

UUID は attr:~Field.primary_key に代わる AutoField への良い選択肢です。 データベースはあなたのための UUID を生成しないため、default を使うことが推奨されます:

Code
import uuid
from django.db import models

class MyUUIDModel(models.Model):
    id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
    # other fields

Callable (括弧が省略されている場合) は UUID のインスタンスではなく、default に渡されます。

リレーションシップフィールドLink to this heading

Djangoは、リレーションを表すフィールドのセットも定義しています。

ForeignKeyLink to this heading

class ForeignKey(to, on_delete, **options)Link to this definition

A many-to-one relationship. Requires two positional arguments: the class to which the model is related and the on_delete option.

To create a recursive relationship -- an object that has a many-to-one relationship with itself -- use models.ForeignKey('self', on_delete=models.CASCADE).

If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:

Code
from django.db import models

class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
        'Manufacturer',
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )
    # ...

class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    # ...
    pass

Relationships defined this way on abstract models are resolved when the model is subclassed as a concrete model and are not relative to the abstract model's app_label:

products/models.py
Python
from django.db import models

class AbstractCar(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey('Manufacturer', on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
        abstract = True
production/models.py
Python
from django.db import models
from products.models import AbstractCar

class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    pass

class Car(AbstractCar):
    pass

# Car.manufacturer will point to `production.Manufacturer` here.

To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify a model with the full application label. For example, if the Manufacturer model above is defined in another application called production, you'd need to use:

Code
class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
        'production.Manufacturer',
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )

This sort of reference, called a lazy relationship, can be useful when resolving circular import dependencies between two applications.

A database index is automatically created on the ForeignKey. You can disable this by setting db_index to False. You may want to avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index like a partial or multiple column index.

Database RepresentationLink to this heading

Behind the scenes, Django appends "_id" to the field name to create its database column name. In the above example, the database table for the Car model will have a manufacturer_id column. (You can change this explicitly by specifying db_column) However, your code should never have to deal with the database column name, unless you write custom SQL. You'll always deal with the field names of your model object.

引数Link to this heading

ForeignKey accepts other arguments that define the details of how the relation works.

ForeignKey.on_deleteLink to this definition

When an object referenced by a ForeignKey is deleted, Django will emulate the behavior of the SQL constraint specified by the on_delete argument. For example, if you have a nullable ForeignKey and you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted:

Code
user = models.ForeignKey(
    User,
    models.SET_NULL,
    blank=True,
    null=True,
)

on_delete doesn't create a SQL constraint in the database. Support for database-level cascade options may be implemented later.

The possible values for on_delete are found in django.db.models:

  • CASCADELink to this definition

    Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey.

    Model.delete() isn't called on related models, but the pre_delete and post_delete signals are sent for all deleted objects.

  • PROTECTLink to this definition

    Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising ProtectedError, a subclass of django.db.IntegrityError.

  • SET_NULLLink to this definition

    Set the ForeignKey null; this is only possible if null is True.

  • SET_DEFAULTLink to this definition

    Set the ForeignKey to its default value; a default for the ForeignKey must be set.

  • SET()Link to this definition

    Set the ForeignKey to the value passed to SET(), or if a callable is passed in, the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be necessary to avoid executing queries at the time your models.py is imported:

    Code
    from django.conf import settings
    from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
    from django.db import models
    
    def get_sentinel_user():
        return get_user_model().objects.get_or_create(username='deleted')[0]
    
    class MyModel(models.Model):
        user = models.ForeignKey(
            settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
            on_delete=models.SET(get_sentinel_user),
        )
    
  • DO_NOTHINGLink to this definition

    Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an IntegrityError unless you manually add an SQL ON DELETE constraint to the database field.

ForeignKey.limit_choices_toLink to this definition

Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is rendered using a ModelForm or the admin (by default, all objects in the queryset are available to choose). Either a dictionary, a Q object, or a callable returning a dictionary or Q object can be used.

例:

Code
staff_member = models.ForeignKey(
    User,
    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    limit_choices_to={'is_staff': True},
)

causes the corresponding field on the ModelForm to list only Users that have is_staff=True. This may be helpful in the Django admin.

The callable form can be helpful, for instance, when used in conjunction with the Python datetime module to limit selections by date range. For example:

Code
def limit_pub_date_choices():
    return {'pub_date__lte': datetime.date.utcnow()}

limit_choices_to = limit_pub_date_choices

If limit_choices_to is or returns a Q object, which is useful for complex queries, then it will only have an effect on the choices available in the admin when the field is not listed in raw_id_fields in the ModelAdmin for the model.

ForeignKey.related_nameLink to this definition

The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one. It's also the default value for related_query_name (the name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model). See the related objects documentation for a full explanation and example. Note that you must set this value when defining relations on abstract models; and when you do so some special syntax is available.

If you'd prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, set related_name to '+' or end it with '+'. For example, this will ensure that the User model won't have a backwards relation to this model:

Code
user = models.ForeignKey(
    User,
    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    related_name='+',
)
ForeignKey.related_query_nameLink to this definition

The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. It defaults to the value of related_name or default_related_name if set, otherwise it defaults to the name of the model:

Code
# Declare the ForeignKey with related_query_name
class Tag(models.Model):
    article = models.ForeignKey(
        Article,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name="tags",
        related_query_name="tag",
    )
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)

# That's now the name of the reverse filter
Article.objects.filter(tag__name="important")

Like related_name, related_query_name supports app label and class interpolation via some special syntax.

ForeignKey.to_fieldLink to this definition

The field on the related object that the relation is to. By default, Django uses the primary key of the related object. If you reference a different field, that field must have unique=True.

ForeignKey.db_constraintLink to this definition

Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for this foreign key. The default is True, and that's almost certainly what you want; setting this to False can be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:

  • You have legacy data that is not valid.

  • You're sharding your database.

If this is set to False, accessing a related object that doesn't exist will raise its DoesNotExist exception.

ForeignKey.swappableLink to this definition

Controls the migration framework's reaction if this ForeignKey is pointing at a swappable model. If it is True - the default - then if the ForeignKey is pointing at a model which matches the current value of settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL (or another swappable model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.

You only want to override this to be False if you are sure your model should always point towards the swapped-in model - for example, if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.

Setting it to False does not mean you can reference a swappable model even if it is swapped out - False just means that the migrations made with this ForeignKey will always reference the exact model you specify (so it will fail hard if the user tries to run with a User model you don't support, for example).

If in doubt, leave it to its default of True.

ManyToManyFieldLink to this heading

class ManyToManyField(to, **options)Link to this definition

A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey, including recursive and lazy relationships.

Related objects can be added, removed, or created with the field's RelatedManager.

Database RepresentationLink to this heading

Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the many-to-many relationship. By default, this table name is generated using the name of the many-to-many field and the name of the table for the model that contains it. Since some databases don't support table names above a certain length, these table names will be automatically truncated and a uniqueness hash will be used, e.g. author_books_9cdf. You can manually provide the name of the join table using the db_table option.

引数Link to this heading

ManyToManyField accepts an extra set of arguments -- all optional -- that control how the relationship functions.

ManyToManyField.related_nameLink to this definition

Same as ForeignKey.related_name.

ManyToManyField.related_query_nameLink to this definition

Same as ForeignKey.related_query_name.

ManyToManyField.limit_choices_toLink to this definition

Same as ForeignKey.limit_choices_to.

limit_choices_to has no effect when used on a ManyToManyField with a custom intermediate table specified using the through parameter.

ManyToManyField.symmetricalLink to this definition

Only used in the definition of ManyToManyFields on self. Consider the following model:

Code
from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")

When Django processes this model, it identifies that it has a ManyToManyField on itself, and as a result, it doesn't add a person_set attribute to the Person class. Instead, the ManyToManyField is assumed to be symmetrical -- that is, if I am your friend, then you are my friend.

If you do not want symmetry in many-to-many relationships with self, set symmetrical to False. This will force Django to add the descriptor for the reverse relationship, allowing ManyToManyField relationships to be non-symmetrical.

ManyToManyField.throughLink to this definition

Django will automatically generate a table to manage many-to-many relationships. However, if you want to manually specify the intermediary table, you can use the through option to specify the Django model that represents the intermediate table that you want to use.

The most common use for this option is when you want to associate extra data with a many-to-many relationship.

If you don't specify an explicit through model, there is still an implicit through model class you can use to directly access the table created to hold the association. It has three fields to link the models.

If the source and target models differ, the following fields are generated:

  • id: the primary key of the relation.

  • <containing_model>_id: the id of the model that declares the ManyToManyField.

  • <other_model>_id: the id of the model that the ManyToManyField points to.

If the ManyToManyField points from and to the same model, the following fields are generated:

  • id: the primary key of the relation.

  • from_<model>_id: the id of the instance which points at the model (i.e. the source instance).

  • to_<model>_id: the id of the instance to which the relationship points (i.e. the target model instance).

This class can be used to query associated records for a given model instance like a normal model.

ManyToManyField.through_fieldsLink to this definition

Only used when a custom intermediary model is specified. Django will normally determine which fields of the intermediary model to use in order to establish a many-to-many relationship automatically. However, consider the following models:

Code
from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)

class Group(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    members = models.ManyToManyField(
        Person,
        through='Membership',
        through_fields=('group', 'person'),
    )

class Membership(models.Model):
    group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    inviter = models.ForeignKey(
        Person,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name="membership_invites",
    )
    invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)

Membership has two foreign keys to Person (person and inviter), which makes the relationship ambiguous and Django can't know which one to use. In this case, you must explicitly specify which foreign keys Django should use using through_fields, as in the example above.

through_fields accepts a 2-tuple ('field1', 'field2'), where field1 is the name of the foreign key to the model the ManyToManyField is defined on (group in this case), and field2 the name of the foreign key to the target model (person in this case).

When you have more than one foreign key on an intermediary model to any (or even both) of the models participating in a many-to-many relationship, you must specify through_fields. This also applies to recursive relationships when an intermediary model is used and there are more than two foreign keys to the model, or you want to explicitly specify which two Django should use.

Recursive relationships using an intermediary model are always defined as non-symmetrical -- that is, with symmetrical=False -- therefore, there is the concept of a "source" and a "target". In that case 'field1' will be treated as the "source" of the relationship and 'field2' as the "target".

ManyToManyField.db_tableLink to this definition

The name of the table to create for storing the many-to-many data. If this is not provided, Django will assume a default name based upon the names of: the table for the model defining the relationship and the name of the field itself.

ManyToManyField.db_constraintLink to this definition

Controls whether or not constraints should be created in the database for the foreign keys in the intermediary table. The default is True, and that's almost certainly what you want; setting this to False can be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:

  • You have legacy data that is not valid.

  • You're sharding your database.

It is an error to pass both db_constraint and through.

ManyToManyField.swappableLink to this definition

Controls the migration framework's reaction if this ManyToManyField is pointing at a swappable model. If it is True - the default - then if the ManyToManyField is pointing at a model which matches the current value of settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL (or another swappable model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.

You only want to override this to be False if you are sure your model should always point towards the swapped-in model - for example, if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.

If in doubt, leave it to its default of True.

ManyToManyField does not support validators.

null has no effect since there is no way to require a relationship at the database level.

OneToOneFieldLink to this heading

class OneToOneField(to, on_delete, parent_link=False, **options)Link to this definition

A one-to-one relationship. Conceptually, this is similar to a ForeignKey with unique=True, but the "reverse" side of the relation will directly return a single object.

This is most useful as the primary key of a model which "extends" another model in some way; 複数テーブルの継承 is implemented by adding an implicit one-to-one relation from the child model to the parent model, for example.

One positional argument is required: the class to which the model will be related. This works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey, including all the options regarding recursive and lazy relationships.

If you do not specify the related_name argument for the OneToOneField, Django will use the lowercase name of the current model as default value.

With the following example:

Code
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models

class MySpecialUser(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(
        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )
    supervisor = models.OneToOneField(
        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name='supervisor_of',
    )

your resulting User model will have the following attributes:

Code
>>> user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> hasattr(user, 'myspecialuser')
True
>>> hasattr(user, 'supervisor_of')
True

A DoesNotExist exception is raised when accessing the reverse relationship if an entry in the related table doesn't exist. For example, if a user doesn't have a supervisor designated by MySpecialUser:

Code
>>> user.supervisor_of
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
DoesNotExist: User matching query does not exist.

Additionally, OneToOneField accepts all of the extra arguments accepted by ForeignKey, plus one extra argument:

When True and used in a model which inherits from another concrete model, indicates that this field should be used as the link back to the parent class, rather than the extra OneToOneField which would normally be implicitly created by subclassing.

See One-to-one relationships for usage examples of OneToOneField.

Field API referenceLink to this heading

class FieldLink to this definition

Field is an abstract class that represents a database table column. Django uses fields to create the database table (db_type()), to map Python types to database (get_prep_value()) and vice-versa (from_db_value()).

A field is thus a fundamental piece in different Django APIs, notably, models and querysets.

In models, a field is instantiated as a class attribute and represents a particular table column, see モデル. It has attributes such as null and unique, and methods that Django uses to map the field value to database-specific values.

A Field is a subclass of RegisterLookupMixin and thus both Transform and Lookup can be registered on it to be used in QuerySets (e.g. field_name__exact="foo"). All built-in lookups are registered by default.

All of Django's built-in fields, such as CharField, are particular implementations of Field. If you need a custom field, you can either subclass any of the built-in fields or write a Field from scratch. In either case, see カスタム model fieldsの実装.

descriptionLink to this definition

A verbose description of the field, e.g. for the django.contrib.admindocs application.

The description can be of the form:

Code
description = _("String (up to %(max_length)s)")

where the arguments are interpolated from the field's __dict__.

To map a Field to a database-specific type, Django exposes several methods:

get_internal_type()Link to this definition

Returns a string naming this field for backend specific purposes. By default, it returns the class name.

See Emulating built-in field types for usage in custom fields.

db_type(connection)Link to this definition

Returns the database column data type for the Field, taking into account the connection.

See カスタムデータベースタイプ for usage in custom fields.

rel_db_type(connection)Link to this definition

Returns the database column data type for fields such as ForeignKey and OneToOneField that point to the Field, taking into account the connection.

See カスタムデータベースタイプ for usage in custom fields.

There are three main situations where Django needs to interact with the database backend and fields:

  • when it queries the database (Python value -> database backend value)

  • when it loads data from the database (database backend value -> Python value)

  • when it saves to the database (Python value -> database backend value)

When querying, get_db_prep_value() and get_prep_value() are used:

get_prep_value(value)Link to this definition

value is the current value of the model's attribute, and the method should return data in a format that has been prepared for use as a parameter in a query.

See Converting Python objects to query values for usage.

get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=False)Link to this definition

Converts value to a backend-specific value. By default it returns value if prepared=True and get_prep_value() if is False.

See Converting query values to database values for usage.

When loading data, from_db_value() is used:

from_db_value(value, expression, connection)Link to this definition

Converts a value as returned by the database to a Python object. It is the reverse of get_prep_value().

This method is not used for most built-in fields as the database backend already returns the correct Python type, or the backend itself does the conversion.

See Converting values to Python objects for usage.

When saving, pre_save() and get_db_prep_save() are used:

get_db_prep_save(value, connection)Link to this definition

Same as the get_db_prep_value(), but called when the field value must be saved to the database. By default returns get_db_prep_value().

pre_save(model_instance, add)Link to this definition

Method called prior to get_db_prep_save() to prepare the value before being saved (e.g. for DateField.auto_now).

model_instance is the instance this field belongs to and add is whether the instance is being saved to the database for the first time.

It should return the value of the appropriate attribute from model_instance for this field. The attribute name is in self.attname (this is set up by Field).

See Preprocessing values before saving for usage.

Fields often receive their values as a different type, either from serialization or from forms.

to_python(value)Link to this definition

Converts the value into the correct Python object. It acts as the reverse of value_to_string(), and is also called in clean().

See Converting values to Python objects for usage.

Besides saving to the database, the field also needs to know how to serialize its value:

value_from_object(obj)Link to this definition

Returns the field's value for the given model instance.

This method is often used by value_to_string().

value_to_string(obj)Link to this definition

Converts obj to a string. Used to serialize the value of the field.

See Converting field data for serialization for usage.

When using model forms, the Field needs to know which form field it should be represented by:

formfield(form_class=None, choices_form_class=None, **kwargs)Link to this definition

Returns the default django.forms.Field of this field for ModelForm.

By default, if both form_class and choices_form_class are None, it uses CharField. If the field has choices and choices_form_class isn't specified, it uses TypedChoiceField.

See Specifying the form field for a model field for usage.

deconstruct()Link to this definition

Returns a 4-tuple with enough information to recreate the field:

  1. The name of the field on the model.

  2. The import path of the field (e.g. "django.db.models.IntegerField"). This should be the most portable version, so less specific may be better.

  3. A list of positional arguments.

  4. A dict of keyword arguments.

This method must be added to fields prior to 1.7 to migrate its data using マイグレーション.

Field attribute referenceLink to this heading

Every Field instance contains several attributes that allow introspecting its behavior. Use these attributes instead of isinstance checks when you need to write code that depends on a field's functionality. These attributes can be used together with the Model._meta API to narrow down a search for specific field types. Custom model fields should implement these flags.

Attributes for fieldsLink to this heading

Field.auto_createdLink to this definition

Boolean flag that indicates if the field was automatically created, such as the OneToOneField used by model inheritance.

Field.concreteLink to this definition

Boolean flag that indicates if the field has a database column associated with it.

Field.hiddenLink to this definition

Boolean flag that indicates if a field is used to back another non-hidden field's functionality (e.g. the content_type and object_id fields that make up a GenericForeignKey). The hidden flag is used to distinguish what constitutes the public subset of fields on the model from all the fields on the model.

Field.is_relationLink to this definition

Boolean flag that indicates if a field contains references to one or more other models for its functionality (e.g. ForeignKey, ManyToManyField, OneToOneField, etc.).

Field.modelLink to this definition

Returns the model on which the field is defined. If a field is defined on a superclass of a model, model will refer to the superclass, not the class of the instance.

Attributes for fields with relationsLink to this heading

These attributes are used to query for the cardinality and other details of a relation. These attribute are present on all fields; however, they will only have boolean values (rather than None) if the field is a relation type (Field.is_relation=True).

Field.many_to_manyLink to this definition

Boolean flag that is True if the field has a many-to-many relation; False otherwise. The only field included with Django where this is True is ManyToManyField.

Field.many_to_oneLink to this definition

Boolean flag that is True if the field has a many-to-one relation, such as a ForeignKey; False otherwise.

Field.one_to_manyLink to this definition

Boolean flag that is True if the field has a one-to-many relation, such as a GenericRelation or the reverse of a ForeignKey; False otherwise.

Field.one_to_oneLink to this definition

Boolean flag that is True if the field has a one-to-one relation, such as a OneToOneField; False otherwise.

Field.related_modelLink to this definition

Points to the model the field relates to. For example, Author in ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE). The related_model for a GenericForeignKey is always None.