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API Model GeoDjango

This document explores the details of the GeoDjango Model API. Throughout this section, we'll be using the following geographic model of a ZIP code and of a Digital Elevation Model as our examples:

Code
from django.contrib.gis.db import models


class Zipcode(models.Model):
    code = models.CharField(max_length=5)
    poly = models.PolygonField()


class Elevation(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    rast = models.RasterField()

Jenis Bidang Spasial

Bidang-bidang spasial terdiri dari deretan dari jenis bidang geometri dan satu jenis bidang raster. Setiap jenis-jenis bidang geometri sesuai pada spesifikasi OpenGIS Simple Features [1]. Tidak ada standar untuk data raster.

GeometryField

class GeometryField

Kelas dasar untuk bidang geometri.

PointField

class PointField

Menyimpan Point.

LineStringField

class LineStringField

Menyimpan LineString.

PolygonField

class PolygonField

Menyimpan Polygon.

MultiPointField

class MultiPointField

Menyimpan MultiPoint.

MultiLineStringField

class MultiLineStringField

Menyimpan MultiLineString.

MultiPolygonField

class MultiPolygonField

Menyimpan MultiPolygon.

GeometryCollectionField

class GeometryCollectionField

Menyimpan GeometryCollection.

RasterField

class RasterField

Menyimpan GDALRaster.

RasterField saat ini hanya diterapkan untuk backend PostGIS.

Pilihan Bidang Spasial

Sebagai tambahan pada Pilihan bidang biasa tersedia untuk bidang model Django, bidang-bidang spasial mempunyai pilihan tambahan berikut. Semua adalah pilihan.

srid

BaseSpatialField.srid

Setel SRID [2] (Spatial Reference System Identity) dari bidang geometri pada nilai diberikan. Awalan pada 4326 (juga dikenal sebagai WGS84, satuan-satuan adalah dalam derajat dari garis bujur dan garis lintang).

Memilih sebuah SRID

Choosing an appropriate SRID for your model is an important decision that the developer should consider carefully. The SRID is an integer specifier that corresponds to the projection system that will be used to interpret the data in the spatial database. [3] Projection systems give the context to the coordinates that specify a location. Although the details of geodesy are beyond the scope of this documentation, the general problem is that the earth is spherical and representations of the earth (e.g., paper maps, web maps) are not.

Most people are familiar with using latitude and longitude to reference a location on the earth's surface. However, latitude and longitude are angles, not distances. In other words, while the shortest path between two points on a flat surface is a straight line, the shortest path between two points on a curved surface (such as the earth) is an arc of a great circle. [4]

Thus, additional computation is required to obtain distances in planar units (e.g., kilometers and miles). Using a geographic coordinate system may introduce complications for the developer later on. For example, SpatiaLite does not have the capability to perform distance calculations between geometries using geographic coordinate systems, e.g. constructing a query to find all points within 5 miles of a county boundary stored as WGS84. [5]

Portions of the earth's surface may projected onto a two-dimensional, or Cartesian, plane. Projected coordinate systems are especially convenient for region-specific applications, e.g., if you know that your database will only cover geometries in North Kansas, then you may consider using projection system specific to that region. Moreover, projected coordinate systems are defined in Cartesian units (such as meters or feet), easing distance calculations.

Sumber daya Tambahan:

  • spatialreference.org: A database of spatial reference systems.

  • The State Plane Coordinate System: A website covering the various projection systems used in the United States. Much of the U.S. spatial data encountered will be in one of these coordinate systems rather than in a geographic coordinate system such as WGS84.

spatial_index

BaseSpatialField.spatial_index

Defaults to True. Creates a spatial index for the given geometry field.

Pilihan Bidang Geometri

Ada pilihan tambahan tersedia untuk bidang Geometri. Semua pilihan berikut adalah pilihan.

dim

GeometryField.dim

This option may be used for customizing the coordinate dimension of the geometry field. By default, it is set to 2, for representing two-dimensional geometries. For spatial backends that support it, it may be set to 3 for three-dimensional support.

geography

GeometryField.geography

If set to True, this option will create a database column of type geography, rather than geometry. Please refer to the geography type section below for more details.

max_geom_collections

GeometryField.max_geom_collections

This option is forwarded to the form field generated for this model field, bounding how many geometry collections may be contained in submitted WKB/WKT inputs before raising ValueError. Since spatial field assignments are lazy, it is also checked when values are accessed, e.g. when saving an instance, but not when read from a database. It defaults to 198.

Jenis Geografi

The geography type provides native support for spatial features represented with geographic coordinates (e.g., WGS84 longitude/latitude). [6] Unlike the plane used by a geometry type, the geography type uses a spherical representation of its data. Distance and measurement operations performed on a geography column automatically employ great circle arc calculations and return linear units. In other words, when ST_Distance is called on two geographies, a value in meters is returned (as opposed to degrees if called on a geometry column in WGS84).

Karena perhitungan geografis melibatkan matematika lebih, hanya bagian dari pencarian spasial PostGIS tersedia untuk jenis geografi. Secara praktik, ini berarti bahwa sebagai tambahan pada distance lookups hanya berikut tambahan spatial lookups tersedia untuk kolom geografi:

Jika anda butuh menggunakan pencarian spasial atau pengumpulan yang tidak mendukung jenis geografi sebagai masukan, anda dapat menggunakan fungsi basisdata Cast untuk merubah kolom geografi menjadi jenis geometri dalam permintaan:

Code
from django.contrib.gis.db.models import PointField
from django.db.models.functions import Cast

Zipcode.objects.annotate(geom=Cast("geography_field", PointField())).filter(
    geom__within=poly
)

For more information, the PostGIS documentation contains a helpful section on determining when to use geography data type over geometry data type.

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