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Tutorial Avanzado: Cómo escribir aplicaciones reutilizables

This advanced tutorial begins where Tutorial 8 left off. We’ll be turning our web-poll into a standalone Python package you can reuse in new projects and share with other people.

If you haven’t recently completed Tutorials 1–8, we encourage you to review these so that your example project matches the one described below.

La reusabilidad importa

Requiere mucho trabajo diseñar, crear, probar y mantener una aplicación web. Muchos proyectos de Python y Django comparten problemas comunes. ¿No sería genial si pudiéramos ahorrarnos algo de este trabajo repetido?

Reusability is the way of life in Python. The Python Package Index (PyPI) has a vast range of packages you can use in your own Python programs. Check out Django Packages for existing reusable apps you could incorporate in your project. Django itself is also a normal Python package. This means that you can take existing Python packages or Django apps and compose them into your own web project. You only need to write the parts that make your project unique.

Digamos que ha empezado un nuevo proyecto que necesitaba una aplicación de encuestas como la que hemos estado trabajando. ¿Cómo hace que esta aplicación sea reutilizable? Por suerte va bien encaminado. En el Tutorial 1, vimos como podíamos separar las encuestas de la URLconf a nivel de proyecto utilizando un include. En este tutorial, adoptaremos las medidas para hacer que la aplicación sea fácil de utilizar en nuevos proyectos y quede lista para su publicación de manera que otros la instalen y usen.

Su proyecto y su aplicación reutilizable

After the previous tutorials, our project should look like this:

Text
djangotutorial/
    manage.py
    mysite/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py
        asgi.py
        wsgi.py
    polls/
        __init__.py
        admin.py
        apps.py
        migrations/
            __init__.py
            0001_initial.py
        models.py
        static/
            polls/
                images/
                    background.png
                style.css
        templates/
            polls/
                detail.html
                index.html
                results.html
        tests.py
        urls.py
        views.py
    templates/
        admin/
            base_site.html

You created djangotutorial/templates in Tutorial 7, and polls/templates in Tutorial 3. Now perhaps it is clearer why we chose to have separate template directories for the project and application: everything that is part of the polls application is in polls. It makes the application self-contained and easier to drop into a new project.

El directorio polls ahora se podría copiar en un nuevo proyecto de Django e inmediatamente ser reutilizado. Sin embargo, no está listo para ser publicado. Para ello, necesitamos empaquetar la aplicación para hacer más fácil que otros la instalen.

Instalación de algunos requisitos previos

The current state of Python packaging is a bit muddled with various tools. For this tutorial, we’re going to use setuptools to build our package. It’s the recommended packaging tool (merged with the distribute fork). We’ll also be using pip to install and uninstall it. You should install these two packages now. If you need help, you can refer to how to install Django with pip. You can install setuptools the same way.

Empaquetando su aplicación

El empaquetamiento en Python se refiere a la preparación de su aplicación en un formato específico que pueda ser fácilmente instalado y utilizado. Django mismo está empaquetado de forma muy similar a esta. Para una aplicación pequeña como polls este proceso no es muy complejo.

  1. First, create a parent directory for the package, outside of your Django project. Call this directory django-polls.

  2. Move the polls directory into django-polls directory, and rename it to django_polls.

  3. Edit django_polls/apps.py so that name refers to the new module name and add label to give a short name for the app:

    django-polls/django_polls/apps.py
    Python
    from django.apps import AppConfig


class PollsConfig(AppConfig):
    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.BigAutoField"
    name = "django_polls"
    label = "polls"

  4. Cree un archivo django-polls/README.rst con el siguiente contenido:

    django-polls/README.rst
    Rst
    ============
django-polls
============

django-polls is a Django app to conduct web-based polls. For each
question, visitors can choose between a fixed number of answers.

Detailed documentation is in the "docs" directory.

Quick start
-----------

1. Add "polls" to your INSTALLED_APPS setting like this::

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        ...,
        "django_polls",
    ]

2. Include the polls URLconf in your project urls.py like this::

    path("polls/", include("django_polls.urls")),

3. Run ``python manage.py migrate`` to create the models.

4. Start the development server and visit the admin to create a poll.

5. Visit the ``/polls/`` URL to participate in the poll.

  5. Cree un archivo django-polls/LICENSE. Elegir una licencia está fuera del alcance de este tutorial, pero basta con señalar que el código liberado públicamente sin ninguna licencia es inútil. Django y muchas aplicaciones compatibles con Django se distribuyen bajo la licencia BSD, sin embargo, usted es libre de elegir su propia licencia. Sólo tenga en cuenta que la elección de su licencia repercutirá sobre quién podrá utilizar su código.

  6. Next we’ll create the pyproject.toml file which details how to build and install the app. A full explanation of this file is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but the Python Packaging User Guide has a good explanation. Create the django-polls/pyproject.toml file with the following contents:

    django-polls/pyproject.toml
    Toml
    [build-system]
requires = ["setuptools>=77.0.3"]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"

[project]
name = "django-polls"
version = "0.1"
dependencies = [
    "django>=X.Y",  # Replace "X.Y" as appropriate
]
description = "A Django app to conduct web-based polls."
readme = "README.rst"
license = "BSD-3-Clause"
requires-python = ">= 3.10"
authors = [
    {name = "Your Name", email = "yourname@example.com"},
]
classifiers = [
    "Environment :: Web Environment",
    "Framework :: Django",
    "Framework :: Django :: X.Y",  # Replace "X.Y" as appropriate
    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
    "Programming Language :: Python",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
    "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
    "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content",
]

[project.urls]
Homepage = "https://www.example.com/"

  7. Many common files and Python modules and packages are included in the package by default. To include additional files, we’ll need to create a MANIFEST.in file. To include the templates and static files, create a file django-polls/MANIFEST.in with the following contents:

    django-polls/MANIFEST.in
    Text
    recursive-include django_polls/static *
recursive-include django_polls/templates *

  8. It’s optional, but recommended, to include detailed documentation with your app. Create an empty directory django-polls/docs for future documentation.

    Tenga en cuenta que el directorio docs no se incluirá en su paquete a menos que usted agregue algunos archivos a este. Muchas aplicaciones Django proporcionan también su documentación online a través de sitios como readthedocs.org.

    Many Python projects, including Django and Python itself, use Sphinx to build their documentation. If you choose to use Sphinx you can link back to the Django documentation by configuring Intersphinx and including a value for Django in your project’s intersphinx_mapping value:

    Code
    intersphinx_mapping = {
    # ...
    "django": (
        "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/",
        None,
    ),
}

    With that in place, you can then cross-link to specific entries, in the same way as in the Django docs, such as «:attr:`django.test.TransactionTestCase.databases`».

  9. Check that the build package is installed (python -m pip install build) and try building your package by running python -m build inside django-polls. This creates a directory called dist and builds your new package into source and binary formats, django_polls-0.1.tar.gz and django_polls-0.1-py3-none-any.whl.

For more information on packaging, see Python’s Tutorial on Packaging and Distributing Projects.

Usando su propio paquete

Dado que movimos el directorio polls fuera del proyecto, ya no funciona. Vamos a solucionar esto mediante la instalación de nuestro nuevo paquete django-polls.

  1. To install the package, use pip (you already installed it, right?):

    Shell
    python -m pip install --user django-polls/dist/django_polls-0.1.tar.gz

  2. Update mysite/settings.py to point to the new module name:

    Code
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
    "django_polls.apps.PollsConfig",
    ...,
]

  3. Update mysite/urls.py to point to the new module name:

    Code
    urlpatterns = [
    path("polls/", include("django_polls.urls")),
    ...,
]

  4. Run the development server to confirm the project continues to work.

Publicando su aplicación

Ahora que hemos empaquetado ​​y probado django-polls, está lista para compartir con el mundo! Si esto no era más que un ejemplo, usted ahora podría:

Installing Python packages with a virtual environment

Earlier, we installed django-polls as a user library. This has some disadvantages:

  • Modificar las librerías de usuario puede afectar a otro programa Python en su sistema.

  • Usted no podrá ejecutar distintas versiones de este paquete (u otros con el mismo nombre).

Typically, these situations only arise once you’re maintaining several Django projects. When they do, the best solution is to use venv. This tool allows you to maintain multiple isolated Python environments, each with its own copy of the libraries and package namespace.

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