{"title":"GeoDjango 安装","version":"6.0","locale":"zh-hans","docname":"ref/contrib/gis/install/index","url":"/zh-hans/6.0/ref/contrib/gis/install/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/6.0/ref/contrib/gis/install/","summary":"概况 Link to this heading # 一般来说，GeoDjango 安装需要： Python 和 Django 空间数据库 地理空间库 以下各节提供了每项要求的细节和安装说明。此外，还提供了以下平台的具体说明： macOS Windows 使用源码 因为 GeoDjango…","html":"

GeoDjango 安装Link to this heading#

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概况Link to this heading#

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一般来说，GeoDjango 安装需要：

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  1. Python 和 Django

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  2. 空间数据库

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  3. 地理空间库

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以下各节提供了每项要求的细节和安装说明。此外，还提供了以下平台的具体说明：

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依赖项Link to this heading#

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Python 和 DjangoLink to this heading#

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因为 GeoDjango 是包含在 Django 中的，所以请参考 Django 的 安装说明 来详细了解如何安装。

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空间数据库Link to this heading#

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目前支持的空间数据库包括 PostgreSQL（带有 PostGIS）、MySQL、Oracle 和 SQLite（带有 SpatiaLite）。

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The geospatial libraries required for a GeoDjango installation depends\non the spatial database used. The following lists the library requirements,\nsupported versions, and any notes for each of the supported database backends:

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数据库

库依赖项

支持的版本

注意

PostgreSQL

GEOS, GDAL, PROJ, PostGIS

14+

需要 PostGIS。

MySQL

GEOS, GDAL

8.0.11+

功能受限。

Oracle

GEOS, GDAL

19+

不支持 XE。

SQLite

GEOS, GDAL, PROJ, SpatiaLite

3.31.0+

需要 SpatiaLite 4.3+

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关于 PostgreSQL／PostGIS／GEOS／GDAL的可能组合，也请参见 OSGeo Wiki 上的 `这个比较矩阵`__ 。

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安装Link to this heading#

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地理空间库Link to this heading#

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数据库安装Link to this heading#

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DATABASES 配置Link to this heading#

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将 ENGINE 设置为 空间后端 之一。

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添加 django.contrib.gis 到 INSTALLED_APPSLink to this heading#

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和其他 Django contrib 应用一样，你只需要在配置中的 INSTALLED_APPS 中添加 django.contrib.gis。这是为了让 gis 模板能够被定位 —— 如果不这样做，那么诸如地理管理或 KML 网站地图等功能将无法正常运行。

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错误调试Link to this heading#

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如果你在这里找不到解决问题的方法，那就参与社区吧！你可以：

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库环境配置Link to this heading#

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到目前为止，安装 GeoDjango 时最常见的问题是无法找到外部共享库（例如 GEOS 和 GDAL）。[1] 通常情况下，造成这个问题的原因是操作系统不知道从源码建立的库的安装目录。

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一般情况下，库路径可以通过设置环境变量按每个用户来设置，也可以为整个系统配置库路径。

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LD_LIBRARY_PATH 环境变量Link to this heading#

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A user may set this environment variable to customize the library paths\nthey want to use. The typical library directory for software\nbuilt from source is /usr/local/lib. Thus, /usr/local/lib needs\nto be included in the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable. For example, the user\ncould place the following in their bash profile:

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export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib\n
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设置系统库路径Link to this heading#

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On GNU/Linux systems, there is typically a file in /etc/ld.so.conf, which\nmay include additional paths from files in another directory, such as\n/etc/ld.so.conf.d. As the root user, add the custom library path (like\n/usr/local/lib) on a new line in ld.so.conf. This is one example of\nhow to do so:

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$ sudo echo /usr/local/lib >> /etc/ld.so.conf\n$ sudo ldconfig\n
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For OpenSolaris users, the system library path may be modified using the\ncrle utility. Run crle with no options to see the current configuration\nand use crle -l to set with the new library path. Be very careful when\nmodifying the system library path:

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# crle -l $OLD_PATH:/usr/local/lib\n
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安装 binutilsLink to this heading#

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GeoDjango uses the find_library function (from the ctypes.util Python\nmodule) to discover libraries. The find_library routine uses a program\ncalled objdump (part of the binutils package) to verify a shared\nlibrary on GNU/Linux systems. Thus, if binutils is not installed on your\nLinux system then Python's ctypes may not be able to find your library even if\nyour library path is set correctly and geospatial libraries were built\nperfectly.

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在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 系统上，可以使用以下命令安装 binutils 软件包：

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$ sudo apt-get install binutils\n
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类似地，在 Red Hat 和 CentOS 系统上：

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$ sudo yum install binutils\n
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特定平台说明Link to this heading#

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macOSLink to this heading#

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由于 macOS 的打包系统多种多样，用户在安装 GeoDjango 时有几种不同的选择。这些选择是：

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这一节还包含了从 Python 软件基金会提供的软件包中安装升级版 Python 的说明，但是，这不是必须的。

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PythonLink to this heading#

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Although macOS comes with Python installed, users can use `framework\ninstallers`__ provided by the Python Software Foundation. An advantage to\nusing the installer is that macOS's Python will remain "pristine" for internal\noperating system use.

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Postgres.appLink to this heading#

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Postgres.app is a standalone PostgreSQL server\nthat includes the PostGIS extension. You will also need to install gdal\nwith Homebrew.

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安装 Postgres.app 后，在你的 .bash_profile 中添加以下内容，这样你就可以在命令行中运行软件包的程序。用你安装的 Postgres.app 中的 PostgreSQL 版本替换 X.Y：

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export PATH=$PATH:/Applications/Postgres.app/Contents/Versions/X.Y/bin\n
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你可以在终端提示符下输入 which psql 检查路径是否设置正确。

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HomebrewLink to this heading#

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`Homebrew`__ 提供了从源码中构建二进制文件和软件包的 “菜谱”。它为运行 macOS 的 Macintosh 电脑提供了 GeoDjango 的先决条件。因为 Homebrew 仍然从源码构建软件，所以需要使用 Xcode 。

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摘要：

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$ brew install postgresql\n$ brew install postgis\n$ brew install gdal\n
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FinkLink to this heading#
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`Kurt Schwehr`__ 很慷慨地为 `Fink`__ 包系统的用户创建了 GeoDjango 包。根据你想使用的 Python 版本，可以使用不同的包（从 django-gis 开始）。

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MacPortsLink to this heading#

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`MacPorts`__ may be used to install GeoDjango prerequisites on computers\nrunning macOS. Because MacPorts still builds the software from source,\nXcode is required.

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摘要：

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$ sudo port install postgresql14-server\n$ sudo port install geos\n$ sudo port install proj6\n$ sudo port install postgis3\n$ sudo port install gdal\n
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WindowsLink to this heading#

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为了在 Windows 上安装 GeoDjango，请依次完成以下章节。在本教程中，我们将安装每个应用程序的 64 位版本。

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PythonLink to this heading#

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安装一个 64 位版本的 Python。更多信息请参见 安装 Python。

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PostgreSQLLink to this heading#

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Download the latest `PostgreSQL 15.x installer`__ from the\n`EnterpriseDB`__ website. After downloading, run the installer, follow the\non-screen directions, and keep the default options unless you know the\nconsequences of changing them.

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当安装程序完成时，它会询问 “在退出时启动 Stack Builder?” —— 请确定这个问题，因为需要安装 PostGIS。

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PostGISLink to this heading#

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在 Stack Builder 中（在安装程序外运行，选择 开始 ‣ PostgreSQL 15 ‣ Application Stack Builder），从下拉菜单中选择 PostgreSQL 15 (x64) on port 5432，然后点击下一步。展开 类别 ‣ 空间扩展 菜单树，并选择 PostGIS X.Y for PostgreSQL 15。

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点击下一步后，您将被提示确认所选的包和“下载目录”。再次点击下一步，这将下载 PostGIS，并要求您点击下一步开始 PostGIS 安装程序。在安装过程中，包括四个 Yes/No 对话框，所有四个的默认选项都是 "No"。

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OSGeo4WLink to this heading#

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The OSGeo4W installer helps to install the PROJ, GDAL, and GEOS libraries\nrequired by GeoDjango. First, download the OSGeo4W installer, and\nrun it. Select Express Web-GIS Install and click next. In the\n'Select Packages' list, ensure that GDAL is selected. If any other packages are\nenabled by default, they are not required by GeoDjango and may be unchecked\nsafely. After clicking next and accepting the license agreements, the packages\nwill be automatically downloaded and installed, after which you may exit the\ninstaller.

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修改 Windows 环境Link to this heading#

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In order to use GeoDjango, you will need to add your OSGeo4W\ndirectories to your Windows system Path, as well as create GDAL_DATA\nand PROJ_LIB environment variables. The following set of commands,\nexecutable with cmd.exe, will set this up. Restart your device\nonce this is complete for new environment variables to be recognized:

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set OSGEO4W_ROOT=C:\\OSGeo4W\nset GDAL_DATA=%OSGEO4W_ROOT%\\apps\\gdal\\share\\gdal\nset PROJ_LIB=%OSGEO4W_ROOT%\\share\\proj\nset PATH=%PATH%;%OSGEO4W_ROOT%\\bin\nreg ADD "HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\Environment" /v Path /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /f /d "%PATH%"\nreg ADD "HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\Environment" /v GDAL_DATA /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /f /d "%GDAL_DATA%"\nreg ADD "HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\Environment" /v PROJ_LIB /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /f /d "%PROJ_LIB%"\n
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安装 Django 并建立数据库Link to this heading#

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在您的系统上 安装 Django。建议为您创建的每个项目创建一个 虚拟环境。

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psycopgLink to this heading#

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psycopg Python 模块提供了 Python 和 PostgreSQL 数据库之间的接口。您可以在 Python 虚拟环境中使用 pip 安装 psycopg：

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...\\> py -m pip install psycopg\n
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脚注

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