{"title":"地理数据库函数","version":"6.0","locale":"zh-hans","docname":"ref/contrib/gis/functions","url":"/zh-hans/6.0/ref/contrib/gis/functions/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/6.0/ref/contrib/gis/functions/","summary":"本页所描述的函数允许用户访问地理数据库函数，以便在 Django 中使用注释、聚合或过滤器。 例如： Python console Copy >>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Length >>> Track . objects . annotate…","html":"

地理数据库函数Link to this heading#

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本页所描述的函数允许用户访问地理数据库函数，以便在 Django 中使用注释、聚合或过滤器。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Length\n>>> Track.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).filter(length__gt=100)\n
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并非所有的后端都支持所有的函数，所以请参考每个函数的文档，看看你的数据库后端是否支持你要使用的函数。如果你在一个不支持地理函数的后台调用该函数，你会得到一个 NotImplementedError 异常。

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MeasurementsLink to this heading#

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AreaLink to this heading#

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\nclass Area(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Availability: MariaDB, MySQL,\nOracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并将字段的面积作为一个 Area 测量返回。

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在没有 LWGEOM/RTTOPO 支持的情况下，MySQL 和 SpatiaLite 不支持对地理 SRS（空间参考系统）进行面积计算。

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DistanceLink to this heading#

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\nclass Distance(expr1, expr2, spheroid=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回它们之间的距离，作为一个 Distance 对象。在 MySQL 上，当坐标是大地测量时，会返回原始的浮点值。

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在支持大地测量坐标距离计算的后端上，根据几何形状的 SRID 值，会自动选择合适的后端函数（例如，在 PostGIS 上使用 ST_DistanceSphere）。

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当使用大地测量（角度）坐标计算距离时，例如默认的 WGS84 (4326) SRID，您可以设置 spheroid 关键字参数来决定计算是基于简单球体（精度较低，资源消耗较少）还是基于椭球体（精度较高，资源消耗较多）。

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在以下示例中，计算了从霍巴特市到 AustraliaCity 查询集中的每个其他 PointField 的距离：

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Python console
>>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Distance\n>>> pnt = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Hobart").point\n>>> for city in AustraliaCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance("point", pnt)):\n...     print(city.name, city.distance)\n...\nWollongong 990071.220408 m\nShellharbour 972804.613941 m\nThirroul 1002334.36351 m\n...\n
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GeometryDistanceLink to this heading#

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\nclass GeometryDistance(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回它们之间的距离。当在 order_by() 子句中使用时，它提供了辅助索引的最近邻结果集。

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LengthLink to this heading#

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\nclass Length(expression, spheroid=True, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理线串或多线串字段或表达式，并将其长度返回为 Distance 测量。

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在 PostGIS 和 SpatiaLite 上，当坐标是大地测量（角度）时，您可以使用 spheroid 关键字参数来指定计算是基于简单球体（精度较低，资源消耗较少）还是基于椭球体（精度较高，资源消耗较多）。

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MySQL 不支持在地理 SRS 上进行长度计算。

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PerimeterLink to this heading#

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\nclass Perimeter(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并将几何字段的周长返回为 Distance 对象。

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关系映射Link to this heading#

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AzimuthLink to this heading#

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\nclass Azimuth(point_a, point_b, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：PostGIS, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

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返回由给定点几何形状定义的线段的方位角（以弧度表示），如果两个点重合，则返回 None。方位角是以北方为参考的角度，顺时针方向为正：north = 0; east = π/2; south = π; west = 3π/2。

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BoundingCircleLink to this heading#

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\nclass BoundingCircle(expression, num_seg=48, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：PostGIS、Oracle、SpatiaLite 5.1+

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回可以完全包含几何形状的最小圆形多边形。

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num_seg 参数仅在 PostGIS 中使用。

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CentroidLink to this heading#

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\nclass Centroid(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 centroid 值。

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ClosestPointLink to this heading#

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\nclass ClosestPoint(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回在几何体 A 上最接近几何体 B 的二维点。

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EnvelopeLink to this heading#

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\nclass Envelope(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回表示几何形状的边界框的几何形状。

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LineLocatePointLink to this heading#

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\nclass LineLocatePoint(linestring, point, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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返回一个介于 0 和 1 之间的浮点数，表示最接近给定的 point 在 linestring 上的位置，作为 2D 线长度的一部分。

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PointOnSurfaceLink to this heading#

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\nclass PointOnSurface(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, MariaDB, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回一个保证位于字段表面上的 Point 几何形状；否则返回 None。

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操作Link to this heading#

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DifferenceLink to this heading#

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\nclass Difference(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何差异，即几何 A 中与几何 B 不相交的部分。

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IntersectionLink to this heading#

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\nclass Intersection(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回它们之间的几何交集。

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SymDifferenceLink to this heading#

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\nclass SymDifference(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回给定参数之间的几何对称差异（联合而不包括交集）。

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UnionLink to this heading#

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\nclass Union(expr1, expr2, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受两个地理字段或表达式，并返回两个几何形状的联合。

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编辑器Link to this heading#

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ForcePolygonCWLink to this heading#

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\nclass ForcePolygonCW(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回多边形/多多边形的修改版本，其中所有外部环都按顺时针方向排列，所有内部环都按逆时针方向排列。非多边形几何形状保持不变。

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MakeValidLink to this heading#

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\nclass MakeValid(expr)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

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接受地理字段或表达式，并尝试将值转换为有效的几何形状，同时不丢失任何输入顶点。已经有效的几何形状将保持不变。简单多边形可能会变成多重多边形，结果的维度可能比输入低。

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ReverseLink to this heading#

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\nclass Reverse(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回具有颠倒坐标的几何形状。

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RotateLink to this heading#

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\nclass Rotate(expression, angle, origin=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Availability: PostGIS

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Rotates a geometry by a specified angle around the origin. Optionally, the\nrotation can be performed around a point, defined by the origin\nparameter.

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ScaleLink to this heading#

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\nclass Scale(expression, x, y, z=0.0, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回通过将坐标与 x、y 和可选的 z 参数相乘来缩放坐标的几何形状。

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SnapToGridLink to this heading#

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\nclass SnapToGrid(expression, *args, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with all\npoints snapped to the given grid. How the geometry is snapped to the grid\ndepends on how many numeric (either float, integer, or long) arguments are\ngiven.

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参数数量：

描述

1

一个单独的大小，用于捕捉 X 和 Y 网格。

2

捕捉网格的 X 和 Y 大小。

4

X、Y 大小以及相应的 X、Y 起始点。

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TransformLink to this heading#

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\nclass Transform(expression, srid, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受一个地理字段或表达式以及一个 SRID 整数代码，并将几何形状转换为由 srid 参数指定的空间参考系统。

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TranslateLink to this heading#

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\nclass Translate(expression, x, y, z=0.0, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回其坐标根据 x、y 和可选的 z 数值参数进行偏移的几何形状。

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输入格式：Link to this heading#

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FromWKBLink to this heading#

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\nclass FromWKB(expression, srid=0, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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从 Well-known binary (WKB) 表示创建几何。可选的 srid 参数允许指定结果几何的 SRID。在 Oracle 上忽略 srid。

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FromWKTLink to this heading#

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\nclass FromWKT(expression, srid=0, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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从 Well-known text (WKT) 表示创建几何。可选的 srid 参数允许指定结果几何的 SRID。在 Oracle 上忽略 srid。

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输出格式Link to this heading#

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AsGeoJSONLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsGeoJSON(expression, bbox=False, crs=False, precision=8, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 GeoJSON 表示。请注意，结果不是完整的 GeoJSON 结构，而只是 GeoJSON 结构中 geometry 键的内容。另请参阅 GeoJSON 序列化器。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> City.objects.annotate(json=AsGeoJSON("point")).get(name="Chicago").json\n{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-87.65018,41.85039]}\n
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关键字参数

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bbox

如果希望包含返回的 GeoJSON 中的边界框，请将其设置为 True。在 Oracle 中会被忽略。

crs

如果希望在返回的 GeoJSON 中包含坐标参考系统，请将其设置为 True。在 MySQL 和 Oracle 中会被忽略。

precision

可以用来指定 GeoJSON 表示中坐标的有效数字位数，其默认值为 8。在 Oracle 中会被忽略。

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AsGMLLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsGML(expression, version=2, precision=8, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 Geographic Markup Language (GML) 表示。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> qs = Zipcode.objects.annotate(gml=AsGML("poly"))\n>>> print(qs[0].gml)\n<gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:OuterBoundaryIs>-147.78711,70.245363 ...\n-147.78711,70.245363</gml:OuterBoundaryIs></gml:Polygon>\n
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关键字参数

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precision

指定在 GML 表示中坐标的有效数字位数，默认值为 8。在 Oracle 中会被忽略。

version

指定要使用的 GML 版本：2（默认）或 3。

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AsKMLLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsKML(expression, precision=8, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 Keyhole Markup Language (KML) 表示。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> qs = Zipcode.objects.annotate(kml=AsKML("poly"))\n>>> print(qs[0].kml)\n<Polygon><outerBoundaryIs><LinearRing><coordinates>-103.04135,36.217596,0 ...\n-103.04135,36.217596,0</coordinates></LinearRing></outerBoundaryIs></Polygon>\n
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关键字参数

描述

precision

可以使用此关键字来指定 KML 表示中坐标的有效数字位数，其默认值为 8。

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AsSVGLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsSVG(expression, relative=False, precision=8, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 表示。

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关键字参数

描述

relative

如果设置为 True，路径数据将以相对移动的方式实现。默认为 False，表示使用绝对移动。

precision

可以使用此关键字来指定 SVG 表示中坐标的有效数字位数，其默认值为 8。

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AsWKBLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsWKB(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 Well-known binary (WKB) 表示。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> bytes(City.objects.annotate(wkb=AsWKB("point")).get(name="Chelyabinsk").wkb)\nb'\\x01\\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00]3\\xf9f\\x9b\\x91K@\\x00X\\x1d9\\xd2\\xb9N@'\n
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AsWKTLink to this heading#

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\nclass AsWKT(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性：MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 Well-known text (WKT) 表示。

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例如：

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Python console
>>> City.objects.annotate(wkt=AsWKT("point")).get(name="Chelyabinsk").wkt\n'POINT (55.137555 61.451728)'\n
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GeoHashLink to this heading#

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\nclass GeoHash(expression, precision=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Availability: MariaDB, MySQL,\nPostGIS, SpatiaLite\n(LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状的 GeoHash 表示。

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precision 关键字参数控制结果中的字符数。

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杂项Link to this heading#

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IsEmptyLink to this heading#

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\nclass IsEmpty(expr)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS

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接受地理字段或表达式，并测试其值是否为空几何形状。如果其值为空，则返回 True，否则返回 False。

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IsValidLink to this heading#

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\nclass IsValid(expr)Link to this definition#
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Availability: MariaDB, MySQL,\nPostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受地理字段或表达式，并测试其值是否格式正确。如果其值是有效的几何形状，则返回 True，否则返回 False。

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GeometryTypeLink to this heading#

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\nclass GeometryType(expr)Link to this definition#
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Availability: PostGIS,\nOracle 23c+, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite

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Accepts a geographic field or expression and returns its geometry type.

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MemSizeLink to this heading#

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\nclass MemSize(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: PostGIS

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何字段占用的内存大小（字节数）。

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NumGeometriesLink to this heading#

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\nclass NumGeometries(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回如果几何字段是集合（例如 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION 或 MULTI* 字段）则包含的几何形状数量。对于单个几何形状，返回 1。

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在 MySQL 上，对于单个几何形状，返回 None。

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NumPointsLink to this heading#

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\nclass NumPoints(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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可用性: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

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接受单个地理字段或表达式，并返回几何形状中点的数量。

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在 MySQL 上，对于任何非 LINESTRING 几何形状，返回 None。

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