{"title":"安装地理空间库","version":"4.1","locale":"zh-hans","docname":"ref/contrib/gis/install/geolibs","url":"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/geolibs/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/geolibs/","summary":"GeoDjango 使用和／或提供以下开源地理空间库的接口。请注意，这些库的老版本或最新版本可能也能与 GeoDjango 完全兼容。你的里程数可能会有所不同。","html":"<h1>安装地理空间库<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#installing-geospatial-libraries\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h1>\n<p>GeoDjango 使用和／或提供以下开源地理空间库的接口：</p>\n<div class=\"table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Table\"><table class=\"docutils align-default\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-odd\"><th class=\"head\"><p>程序</p></th>\n<th class=\"head\"><p>描述</p></th>\n<th class=\"head\"><p>必须的</p></th>\n<th class=\"head\"><p>支持的版本</p></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-even\"><td><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/geos/\"><span class=\"doc\">GEOS</span></a></p></td>\n<td><p>几何引擎开源</p></td>\n<td><p>是</p></td>\n<td><p>3.10, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6</p></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"row-odd\"><td><p><a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://proj.org/\">PROJ</a></p></td>\n<td><p>制图投影库</p></td>\n<td><p>是（仅 PostgreSQL 和 SQLite）</p></td>\n<td><p>9.x, 8.x, 7.x, 6.x, 5.x, 4.x</p></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"row-even\"><td><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/gdal/\"><span class=\"doc\">GDAL</span></a></p></td>\n<td><p>地理空间数据抽象库</p></td>\n<td><p>是</p></td>\n<td><p>3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2</p></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"row-odd\"><td><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/geoip2/\"><span class=\"doc\">GeoIP</span></a></p></td>\n<td><p>基于 IP 的地理定位库</p></td>\n<td><p>否</p></td>\n<td><p>2</p></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"row-even\"><td><p><a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://postgis.net/\">PostGIS</a></p></td>\n<td><p>PostgreSQL 的空间扩展</p></td>\n<td><p>是（仅 PostgreSQL）</p></td>\n<td><p>3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.5</p></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"row-odd\"><td><p><a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/\">SpatiaLite</a></p></td>\n<td><p>SQLite 的空间扩展</p></td>\n<td><p>是（仅 SQLite）</p></td>\n<td><p>5.0, 4.3</p></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div>\n<p>请注意，这些库的老版本或最新版本可能也能与 GeoDjango 完全兼容。你的里程数可能会有所不同。</p>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Note</p>\n<p>GeoDjango 的 GEOS、GDAL 和 GeoIP 接口可以独立于 Django 使用。 换句话说，不需要数据库或配置文件 —— 像正常的那样从 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/#module-django.contrib.gis\" title=\"django.contrib.gis: Geographic Information System (GIS) extensions for Django\"><code class=\"xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate\">django.contrib.gis</code></a> 导入它们。</p>\n</aside>\n<p>在 Debian／Ubuntu 上，我们建议您安装以下软件包，它们将直接或通过依赖关系安装所需的地理空间库：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"console\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Shell</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Shell code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">$ </span>sudo apt-get install binutils libproj-dev gdal-bin\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>如果你使用的是 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/#macos\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">macOS</span></a> 或 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/#windows\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">Windows</span></a>，也请参考特定平台的说明。</p>\n<section id=\"building-from-source\">\n<span id=\"build-from-source\"></span><h2>从源码构建<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#building-from-source\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>在 UNIX 和 GNU／Linux 系统上从源码安装时，请仔细按照安装说明，并按照给定的顺序安装库。 如果使用 MySQL 或 Oracle 作为空间数据库，则只需要 GEOS。</p>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Note</p>\n<p>在 Linux 平台上，可能需要在安装每个库后运行 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">ldconfig</code> 命令。例如：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ sudo make install\n$ sudo ldconfig\n</code></pre></div>\n</aside>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Note</p>\n<p>macOS 用户必须安装 <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://developer.apple.com/xcode/\">Xcode</a> 才能从源码编译软件。</p>\n</aside>\n<section id=\"geos\">\n<span id=\"geosbuild\"></span><h3>GEOS<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#geos\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>GEOS 是一个用于执行几何运算的 C++ 库，是 GeoDjango 默认使用的内部几何表示法（它的背后是 “惰性” 的几何图形）。 具体来说，在 Python 中使用 ctypes 直接调用 C API 库（如 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">libgeos_c.so</code>）。</p>\n<p>首先，从 GEOS 网站下载 GEOS，并解压源文件：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ wget https://download.osgeo.org/geos/geos-X.Y.Z.tar.bz2\n$ tar xjf geos-X.Y.Z.tar.bz2\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Then step into the GEOS directory, create a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">build</code> folder, and step into\nit:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ cd geos-X.Y.Z\n$ mkdir build\n$ cd build\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Then build and install the package:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..\n$ cmake --build .\n$ sudo cmake --build . --target install\n</code></pre></div>\n<section id=\"troubleshooting\">\n<h4>错误调试<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#troubleshooting\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<section id=\"can-t-find-geos-library\">\n<h5>找不到 GEOS 库<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#can-t-find-geos-library\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>当 GeoDjango 找不到 GEOS 时，就会出现这个错误：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"text\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Text</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Text code\"><code>ImportError: Could not find the GEOS library (tried &quot;geos_c&quot;). Try setting GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings.\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>最常见的解决方案是正确配置你的 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/#libsettings\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">库环境配置</span></a> <em>或</em> 在你的配置中设置 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#geoslibrarypath\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH</span></a>。</p>\n<p>如果使用 GEOS 的二进制包（例如，在 Ubuntu 上），你可能需要 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/#binutils\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">安装 binutils</span></a>。</p>\n</section>\n<section id=\"geos-library-path\">\n<span id=\"geoslibrarypath\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH</code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#geos-library-path\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>如果你的 GEOS 库在非标准位置，或者你不想修改系统的库路径，那么可以在你的 Django 配置文件中添加 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/geos/#std-setting-GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\">GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH</code></a> 配置，并将 GEOS C 库的完整路径添加进去。 例如：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;/home/bob/local/lib/libgeos_c.so&#39;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Note</p>\n<p>这个配置必须是 <strong>C</strong> 共享库的 <em>完整</em> 路径；换句话说，你要使用 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">libgeos_c.so</code>，而不是 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">libgeos.so</code>。</p>\n</aside>\n<p>另见 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/geos/#geos-exceptions-in-logfile\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">我的日志中充满了与 GEOS 有关的错误</span></a>。</p>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"proj4\">\n<span id=\"id3\"></span><h3>PROJ<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#proj4\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p><a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://proj.org/\">PROJ</a> is a library for converting geospatial data to different coordinate\nreference systems.</p>\n<p>First, download the PROJ source code:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ wget https://download.osgeo.org/proj/proj-X.Y.Z.tar.gz\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>... and datum shifting files (download <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">proj-datumgrid-X.Y.tar.gz</code> for\nPROJ &lt; 7.x) <a class=\"footnote-reference brackets\" href=\"#id9\" id=\"id4\" role=\"doc-noteref\"><span class=\"fn-bracket\">[</span>1<span class=\"fn-bracket\">]</span></a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ wget https://download.osgeo.org/proj/proj-data-X.Y.tar.gz\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Next, untar the source code archive, and extract the datum shifting files in the\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">data</code> subdirectory (use <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">nad</code> subdirectory for PROJ &lt; 6.x). This must be\ndone <em>prior</em> to configuration:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ tar xzf proj-X.Y.Z.tar.gz\n$ cd proj-X.Y.Z/data\n$ tar xzf ../../proj-data-X.Y.tar.gz\n$ cd ../..\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>For PROJ 9.x and greater, releases only support builds using <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">CMake</code> (see\n<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://proj.org/community/rfc/rfc-7.html#rfc7\">PROJ RFC-7</a>).</p>\n<p>To build with <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">CMake</code> ensure your system meets the <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://proj.org/install.html#build-requirements\">build requirements</a>.\nThen create a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">build</code> folder in the PROJ directory, and step into it:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ cd proj-X.Y.Z\n$ mkdir build\n$ cd build\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Finally, configure, make and install PROJ:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ cmake ..\n$ cmake --build .\n$ sudo cmake --build . --target install\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"gdal\">\n<span id=\"gdalbuild\"></span><h3>GDAL<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#gdal\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p><a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://gdal.org/\">GDAL</a> 是一个优秀的开源地理空间库，它支持读取大多数矢量和栅格空间数据格式。目前 GeoDjango 只支持 <span class=\"xref std std-doc\">GDAL 的矢量数据</span> 的功能 <a class=\"footnote-reference brackets\" href=\"#id10\" id=\"id5\" role=\"doc-noteref\"><span class=\"fn-bracket\">[</span>2<span class=\"fn-bracket\">]</span></a> 。 在构建 GDAL 之前，应该安装 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#geosbuild\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">GEOS</span></a> 和 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#proj4\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">PROJ</span></a>。</p>\n<p>首先下载最新的 GDAL 版本，解压压缩包：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ wget https://download.osgeo.org/gdal/X.Y.Z/gdal-X.Y.Z.tar.gz\n$ tar xzf gdal-X.Y.Z.tar.gz\n$ cd gdal-X.Y.Z\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>配置、编译和安装：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>$ ./configure\n$ make # Go get some coffee, this takes a while.\n$ sudo make install\n$ cd ..\n</code></pre></div>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Note</p>\n<p>因为 GeoDjango 有自己的 Python 接口，所以前面的说明并没有构建 GDAL 自己的 Python 绑定。当运行 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">configure</code> 时，可以通过添加 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">--with-python</code> 标志来构建绑定。关于 GDAL 的绑定的更多信息，请参见 <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://gdal.org/api/python.html\">GDAL/OGR In Python</a> 。</p>\n</aside>\n<p>如果你有任何问题，请参见下面的故障排除部分，以获得建议和解决方案。</p>\n<section id=\"gdaltrouble\">\n<span id=\"id8\"></span><h4>错误调试<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#gdaltrouble\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<section id=\"can-t-find-gdal-library\">\n<h5>找不到 GDAL 库<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#can-t-find-gdal-library\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>当 GeoDjango 找不到 GDAL 库时，在你的配置中设置你的 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/install/#libsettings\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">库环境配置</span></a> <em>或</em> <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#gdallibrarypath\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH</span></a>。</p>\n</section>\n<section id=\"gdal-library-path\">\n<span id=\"gdallibrarypath\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH</code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#gdal-library-path\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>如果你的 GDAL 库在非标准位置，或者你不想修改系统的库路径，那么可以在你的 Django 配置文件中添加 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/4.1/ref/contrib/gis/gdal/#std-setting-GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\">GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH</code></a> 设置，并添加 GDAL 库的完整路径。 例如：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code>GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;/home/sue/local/lib/libgdal.so&#39;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p class=\"rubric\">脚注</p>\n<aside class=\"footnote-list brackets\">\n<aside class=\"footnote brackets\" id=\"id9\" role=\"doc-footnote\">\n<span class=\"label\"><span class=\"fn-bracket\">[</span><a role=\"doc-backlink\" href=\"#id4\">1</a><span class=\"fn-bracket\">]</span></span>\n<p>The datum shifting files are needed for converting data to and from\ncertain projections.\nFor example, the PROJ string for the <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://spatialreference.org/ref/sr-org/6864/prj/\">Google projection (900913 or 3857)</a> requires the\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\">null</code> grid file only included in the extra datum shifting files.\nIt is easier to install the shifting files now, then to have debug a\nproblem caused by their absence later.</p>\n</aside>\n<aside class=\"footnote brackets\" id=\"id10\" role=\"doc-footnote\">\n<span class=\"label\"><span class=\"fn-bracket\">[</span><a role=\"doc-backlink\" href=\"#id5\">2</a><span class=\"fn-bracket\">]</span></span>\n<p>具体来说，GeoDjango 提供了对 <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://gdal.org/user/vector_data_model.html\">OGR</a> 库的支持，这是 GDAL 的一个组件。</p>\n</aside>\n</aside>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>","rootId":"installing-geospatial-libraries","toc":[{"title":"从源码构建","anchor":"building-from-source","children":[{"title":"GEOS","anchor":"geos","children":[{"title":"错误调试","anchor":"troubleshooting","children":[{"title":"找不到 GEOS 库","anchor":"can-t-find-geos-library","children":[]},{"title":"GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH","anchor":"geos-library-path","children":[]}]}]},{"title":"PROJ","anchor":"proj4","children":[]},{"title":"GDAL","anchor":"gdal","children":[{"title":"错误调试","anchor":"gdaltrouble","children":[{"title":"找不到 GDAL 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