{"title":"为模型提供初始化的数据","version":"3.2","locale":"zh-hans","docname":"howto/initial-data","url":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data/","summary":"第一次配置应用时，用硬编码的数据预备数据库有时很很有用。你能通过迁移和固定内容提供初始数据。 通过迁移提供初始数据 Link to this heading # 若你想为应用自动载入初始数据，创建一个 数据迁移 。创建测试数据库时会运行迁移，所以可以用这里的数据， 一些限制 主题。 通过固定内容提供数据 Link to…","html":"<h1>为模型提供初始化的数据<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#providing-initial-data-for-models\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h1>\n<p>第一次配置应用时，用硬编码的数据预备数据库有时很很有用。你能通过迁移和固定内容提供初始数据。</p>\n<section id=\"providing-initial-data-with-migrations\">\n<h2>通过迁移提供初始数据<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#providing-initial-data-with-migrations\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>若你想为应用自动载入初始数据，创建一个 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/migrations/#data-migrations\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">数据迁移</span></a>。创建测试数据库时会运行迁移，所以可以用这里的数据， <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/testing/overview/#test-case-serialized-rollback\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">一些限制</span></a> 主题。</p>\n</section>\n<section id=\"providing-data-with-fixtures\">\n<span id=\"initial-data-via-fixtures\"></span><h2>通过固定内容提供数据<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#providing-data-with-fixtures\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>你也能通过固定内容提供数据，不过，这些数据不会自动加载，除非你使用 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/testing/tools/#django.test.TransactionTestCase.fixtures\" title=\"django.test.TransactionTestCase.fixtures\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">TransactionTestCase.fixtures</span></code></a>。</p>\n<p>固定内容是一个 Django 知道如何导入数据库的集合。若你已有一些可用数据，最直接的创建固定内容的方式是使用  <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-dumpdata\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">manage.py</span> <span class=\"pre\">dumpdata</span></code></a> 命令。或者，你可以手写固定内容；固定数据能被写作 JSON，XML 或 YAML （要求已安装 <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://pyyaml.org/\">PyYAML</a>）文档。 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/serialization/\"><span class=\"doc\">序列化文档</span></a> 拥有更多这些支持的 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/serialization/#serialization-formats\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">序列化格式</span></a> 的细节信息。</p>\n<p>举个例子，这有一个固定内容，描述了一个 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Person</span></code> 模型写成 JSON 后的样子：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"js\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Js</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Js code\"><code><span class=\"p\">[</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;model&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;myapp.person&quot;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;pk&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"mf\">1</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;fields&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"w\">      </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;first_name&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;John&quot;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">      </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;last_name&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;Lennon&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"p\">}</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"p\">},</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;model&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;myapp.person&quot;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;pk&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"mf\">2</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;fields&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"w\">      </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;first_name&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;Paul&quot;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"w\">      </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;last_name&quot;</span><span class=\"o\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s2\">&quot;McCartney&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"p\">}</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"p\">}</span>\n<span class=\"p\">]</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>以下是一样的固定内容，YAML 格式：</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"yaml\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">YAML</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"YAML code\"><code><span class=\"p p-Indicator\">-</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nt\">model</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">myapp.person</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"nt\">pk</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">1</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"nt\">fields</span><span class=\"p\">:</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nt\">first_name</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">John</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nt\">last_name</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">Lennon</span>\n<span class=\"p p-Indicator\">-</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nt\">model</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">myapp.person</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"nt\">pk</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">2</span>\n<span class=\"w\">  </span><span class=\"nt\">fields</span><span class=\"p\">:</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nt\">first_name</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">Paul</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nt\">last_name</span><span class=\"p\">:</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain\">McCartney</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>你会将该数据存入应用中的 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">fixtures</span></code> 字典。</p>\n<p>你只需调用 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-loaddata\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">manage.py</span> <span class=\"pre\">loaddata</span></code></a> <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&lt;fixturename&gt;</span></code> 来加载数据， <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&lt;fixturename&gt;</span></code> 是你刚创建的固定内容的文件名。每次你运行 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-loaddata\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">loaddata</span></code></a>，数据都会从固定内容读出，重新装入数据库。这意味着若你修改了某个固定内容创建的行，随后再次运行 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-loaddata\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">loaddata</span></code></a> ，你会丢掉所有的修改。</p>\n<section id=\"where-django-finds-fixture-files\">\n<h3>Django 从哪里寻找固定内容文件<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#where-django-finds-fixture-files\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>默认情况下，Django 在每个应用的 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">fixtures</span></code> 目录中查找固定内容。你可以将配置项 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/settings/#std-setting-FIXTURE_DIRS\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">FIXTURE_DIRS</span></code></a> 设为一个 Django 需要额外寻找的目录列表。</p>\n<p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-loaddata\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">manage.py</span> <span class=\"pre\">loaddata</span></code></a> 时，你也能指定一个到固定内容文件的路径，这将会覆盖查找常规目录的行为。</p>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-seealso\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">See also</p>\n<p>固定内容通常备 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.2/topics/testing/tools/#topics-testing-fixtures\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">测试框架</span></a> 用于创建永久的测试环境。</p>\n</aside>\n</section>\n</section>","rootId":"providing-initial-data-for-models","toc":[{"title":"通过迁移提供初始数据","anchor":"providing-initial-data-with-migrations","children":[]},{"title":"通过固定内容提供数据","anchor":"providing-data-with-fixtures","children":[{"title":"Django 从哪里寻找固定内容文件","anchor":"where-django-finds-fixture-files","children":[]}]}],"breadcrumbs":[{"docname":"howto/index","title":"操作指南","url":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/"}],"prev":{"docname":"howto/error-reporting","title":"发送错误","url":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/error-reporting/"},"next":{"docname":"howto/legacy-databases","title":"Django 使用旧有的数据库","url":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/legacy-databases/"},"formats":{"html":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data/","markdown":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data.md","json":"/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data.json"},"source":"https://github.com/django/django/blob/stable/3.2.x/docs/howto/initial-data.txt","official":"https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.2/howto/initial-data/","inVersions":["6.1","6.0","5.2","5.1","5.0","4.2","4.1","4.0","3.2","3.1","3.0","2.2","2.1","2.0"],"inLocales":["en","zh-hans","fr","ja","id","it","pt-br","ko","es","el","pl"]}