{"title":"Django 使用旧有的数据库","version":"3.0","locale":"zh-hans","docname":"howto/legacy-databases","url":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases/","summary":"虽然 Django 很适合开发新应用，但也能用它集成旧数据库。Django 包含了一整套套件来尽可能自动处理类似的任务。 本文假设你有 Django 基础，基础内容由 教程 介绍。 你配置完 Django 后，你就能跟着此常规操作去集成旧数据库了。 将数据库参数告诉 Django Link to this heading #…","html":"<h1>Django 使用旧有的数据库<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#integrating-django-with-a-legacy-database\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h1>\n<p>虽然 Django 很适合开发新应用，但也能用它集成旧数据库。Django 包含了一整套套件来尽可能自动处理类似的任务。</p>\n<p>本文假设你有 Django 基础，基础内容由 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/intro/tutorial01/\"><span class=\"doc\">教程</span></a> 介绍。</p>\n<p>你配置完 Django 后，你就能跟着此常规操作去集成旧数据库了。</p>\n<section id=\"give-django-your-database-parameters\">\n<h2>将数据库参数告诉 Django<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#give-django-your-database-parameters\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>你需要告诉 Django 数据库连接参数和数据库名称。通过编写 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-DATABASES\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DATABASES</span></code></a> 配置项并为 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">'默认'</span></code> 连接指定下列值：</p>\n<ul class=\"simple\">\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-NAME\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">NAME</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-DATABASE-ENGINE\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ENGINE</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-USER\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">USER</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-PASSWORD\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">PASSWORD</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-HOST\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HOST</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-PORT\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">PORT</span></code></a></p></li>\n</ul>\n</section>\n<section id=\"auto-generate-the-models\">\n<h2>自动生成这些模型<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#auto-generate-the-models\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>Django 自带一个叫做 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-inspectdb\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">inspectdb</span></code></a> 的工具，它可以通过内省已存在的数据库创建对应模型。你能通过运行以下命令看到输出:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"bash\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Shell</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Shell code\"><code>$<span class=\"w\"> </span>python<span class=\"w\"> </span>manage.py<span class=\"w\"> </span>inspectdb\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>通过标准 Unix 输出重定向将其保存为文件:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"bash\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Shell</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Shell code\"><code>$<span class=\"w\"> </span>python<span class=\"w\"> </span>manage.py<span class=\"w\"> </span>inspectdb<span class=\"w\"> </span>&gt;<span class=\"w\"> </span>models.py\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>该功能仅是一个快捷方式，不是最佳的创建模型的方法。参考 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-inspectdb\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">inspectdb</span> <span class=\"pre\">文档</span></code></a> 获取更多信息。</p>\n<p>只要你整理完这些模型，就可以将文件重命名为 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">models.py</span></code> 并将其放入持有应用的 Python 包中。随后，将应用添加至 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-INSTALLED_APPS\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">INSTALLED_APPS</span></code></a> 配置。</p>\n<p>默认情况下， <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-inspectdb\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">inspectdb</span></code></a> 创建未托管的模型。也就是说，模型的 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Meta</span></code> 类中的 <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">managed</span> <span class=\"pre\">=</span> <span class=\"pre\">False</span></code> 告诉 Django 不要管理这些表的创建，修改和删除:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"bash\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Shell</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Shell code\"><code>class<span class=\"w\"> </span>Person<span class=\"o\">(</span>models.Model<span class=\"o\">)</span>:\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nv\">id</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"w\"> </span>models.IntegerField<span class=\"o\">(</span><span class=\"nv\">primary_key</span><span class=\"o\">=</span>True<span class=\"o\">)</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span><span class=\"nv\">first_name</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"w\"> </span>models.CharField<span class=\"o\">(</span><span class=\"nv\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"m\">70</span><span class=\"o\">)</span>\n<span class=\"w\">    </span>class<span class=\"w\"> </span>Meta:\n<span class=\"w\">       </span><span class=\"nv\">managed</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"w\"> </span>False\n<span class=\"w\">       </span><span class=\"nv\">db_table</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;CENSUS_PERSONS&#39;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>If you do want to allow Django to manage the table's lifecycle, you'll need to\nchange the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/models/options/#django.db.models.Options.managed\" title=\"django.db.models.Options.managed\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">managed</span></code></a> option above to <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">True</span></code>\n(or remove it because <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">True</span></code> is its default value).</p>\n</section>\n<section id=\"install-the-core-django-tables\">\n<h2>安装核心 Django 表<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#install-the-core-django-tables\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>然后，运行 <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/zh-hans/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-migrate\"><code class=\"xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">migrate</span></code></a> 命令安装所有额外需要的数据库记录，像是后台权限和内容类型:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"bash\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Shell</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Shell code\"><code>$<span class=\"w\"> </span>python<span class=\"w\"> </span>manage.py<span class=\"w\"> </span>migrate\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"test-and-tweak\">\n<h2>测试和调整<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#test-and-tweak\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>这些是基本步骤——这样，你就能调整 Django 生成的模型，直到他们达到你的要求。试着通过 Django 数据库 API 访问数据，试着通过 Django 后台站点编辑数据，也可以直接编辑模型文件。</p>\n</section>","rootId":"integrating-django-with-a-legacy-database","toc":[{"title":"将数据库参数告诉 Django","anchor":"give-django-your-database-parameters","children":[]},{"title":"自动生成这些模型","anchor":"auto-generate-the-models","children":[]},{"title":"安装核心 Django 表","anchor":"install-the-core-django-tables","children":[]},{"title":"测试和调整","anchor":"test-and-tweak","children":[]}],"breadcrumbs":[{"docname":"howto/index","title":"操作指南","url":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/"}],"prev":{"docname":"howto/initial-data","title":"为模型提供初始化的数据","url":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/initial-data/"},"next":{"docname":"howto/outputting-csv","title":"利用 Django 输出 CSV","url":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/outputting-csv/"},"formats":{"html":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases/","markdown":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases.md","json":"/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases.json"},"source":"https://github.com/django/django/blob/stable/3.0.x/docs/howto/legacy-databases.txt","official":"https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.0/howto/legacy-databases/","inVersions":["6.1","6.0","5.2","5.1","5.0","4.2","4.1","4.0","3.2","3.1","3.0","2.2","2.1","2.0"],"inLocales":["en","zh-hans","fr","ja","id","pt-br","ko","es","el","pl"]}