---
title: "Django快捷函数"
version: 2.1
locale: zh-hans
source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.1/topics/http/shortcuts/
canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/zh-hans/2.1/topics/http/shortcuts/
---
# Django快捷函数

包 `django.shortcuts` 收集助手函数和“跨”多级mvc的类，换句话说，为了方便起见，这些函数/类引入受控耦合。

## `render()`

#### `render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)`

将给定的模板与给定的上下文字典组合在一起，并以渲染的文本返回一个 [`HttpResponse`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponse) 对象。

Django没有提供返回:class:~django.template.response.TemplateResponse 的快捷函数，因为:class:~django.template.response.TemplateResponse 的构造函数提供了与:func:render()\`相同的方便程度。

### 必选参数

**`request`**

  用于生成此响应的请求对象。

**`template_name`**

  要使用的模板的全名或模板名称的序列。如果给定一个序列，则将使用存在的第一个模板。有关如何查找模板的更多信息，请参见 [template loading documentation](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/templates/#template-loading) 。

### 可选参数

**`context`**

  要添加到模板上下文的值的字典。 默认情况下，这是一个空的字典。 如果字典中的值是可调用的，则视图将在渲染模板之前调用它。

**`content_type`**

  用于结果文档的MIME类型默认为：设置:setting:DEFAULT\_CONTENT\_TYPE 设置的值。

**`status`**

  响应的状态代码默认为“200”。

**`using`**

  用于加载模板的模板引擎的 :setting:NAME \` 。

### 例如

下面的示例使用MIME类型呈现模板\`\`myapp/index.html\`\` `application/xhtml+xml`：

```
from django.shortcuts import render

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', {
        'foo': 'bar',
    }, content_type='application/xhtml+xml')
```

此示例相当于：

```
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    t = loader.get_template('myapp/index.html')
    c = {'foo': 'bar'}
    return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type='application/xhtml+xml')
```

## `render_to_response()`

#### `render_to_response(template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)`

> **Deprecated since Django 2.0**
>
> Deprecated since version 2.0.

该函数之前引入了:func:render ，并类似地工作，只是它不使响应中的 `request` 可用。

## `redirect()`

#### `redirect(to, permanent=False, *args, **kwargs)`

将一个 [`HttpResponseRedirect`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponseRedirect) 返回到传递的参数的适当URL。

论点可以是：

- A model: the model's [`get_absolute_url()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url)
  function will be called.
- A view name, possibly with arguments: [`reverse()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse) will be
  used to reverse-resolve the name.
- An absolute or relative URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect
  location.

By default issues a temporary redirect; pass `permanent=True` to issue a
permanent redirect.

### 示例

You can use the [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) function in a number of ways.

1. By passing some object; that object's
   [`get_absolute_url()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url) method will be called
   to figure out the redirect URL:

   ```
   from django.shortcuts import redirect

   def my_view(request):
       ...
       obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
       return redirect(obj)
   ```
2. By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or
   keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the
   [`reverse()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse) method:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect('some-view-name', foo='bar')
   ```
3. By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect('/some/url/')
   ```

   This also works with full URLs:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect('https://example.com/')
   ```

By default, [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) returns a temporary redirect. All of the above
forms accept a `permanent` argument; if set to `True` a permanent redirect
will be returned:

```
def my_view(request):
    ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(obj, permanent=True)
```

## `get_object_or_404()`

#### `get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

Calls [`get()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get) on a given model manager,
but it raises [`Http404`](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404) instead of the model's
[`DoesNotExist`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.DoesNotExist) exception.

### 必选参数

**`klass`**

  A [`Model`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model) class,
  a [`Manager`](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager),
  or a [`QuerySet`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance from which to get
  the object.

**`**kwargs`**

  Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by `get()` and
  `filter()`.

### 例如

The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from
`MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

def my_view(request):
    obj = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)
```

此示例相当于：

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    try:
        obj = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
    except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```

The most common use case is to pass a [`Model`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), as
shown above. However, you can also pass a
[`QuerySet`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance:

```
queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith='M')
get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)
```

The above example is a bit contrived since it's equivalent to doing:

```
get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith='M', pk=1)
```

but it can be useful if you are passed the `queryset` variable from somewhere
else.

Finally, you can also use a [`Manager`](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager). This is useful
for example if you have a
[custom manager](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/db/managers/#custom-managers):

```
get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title='Matilda')
```

You can also use
[`related managers`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/relations/#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager):

```
author = Author.objects.get(name='Roald Dahl')
get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title='Matilda')
```

Note: As with `get()`, a
[`MultipleObjectsReturned`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/exceptions/#django.core.exceptions.MultipleObjectsReturned) exception
will be raised if more than one object is found.

## `get_list_or_404()`

#### `get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

Returns the result of [`filter()`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.filter) on a
given model manager cast to a list, raising [`Http404`](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404) if
the resulting list is empty.

### 必选参数

**`klass`**

  A [`Model`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), [`Manager`](/zh-hans/2.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager) or
  [`QuerySet`](/zh-hans/2.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance from which to get the
  list.

**`**kwargs`**

  Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by `get()` and
  `filter()`.

### 例如

The following example gets all published objects from `MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)
```

此示例相当于：

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
    if not my_objects:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```