A Manager is the interface through which database query operations are\nprovided to Django models. At least one Manager exists for every model in\na Django application.
The way Manager classes work is documented in Making queries;\nthis document specifically touches on model options that customize Manager\nbehavior.
By default, Django adds a Manager with the name objects to every Django\nmodel class. However, if you want to use objects as a field name, or if you\nwant to use a name other than objects for the Manager, you can rename\nit on a per-model basis. To rename the Manager for a given class, define a\nclass attribute of type models.Manager() on that model. For example:
from django.db import models\n\nclass Person(models.Model):\n #...\n people = models.Manager()\nUsing this example model, Person.objects will generate an\nAttributeError exception, but Person.people.all() will provide a list\nof all Person objects.
You can use a custom Manager in a particular model by extending the base\nManager class and instantiating your custom Manager in your model.
There are two reasons you might want to customize a Manager: to add extra\nManager methods, and/or to modify the initial QuerySet the Manager\nreturns.
Adding extra Manager methods is the preferred way to add "table-level"\nfunctionality to your models. (For "row-level" functionality -- i.e., functions\nthat act on a single instance of a model object -- use Model methods, not custom Manager methods.)
A custom Manager method can return anything you want. It doesn't have to\nreturn a QuerySet.
For example, this custom Manager offers a method with_counts(), which\nreturns a list of all OpinionPoll objects, each with an extra\nnum_responses attribute that is the result of an aggregate query:
from django.db import models\n\nclass PollManager(models.Manager):\n def with_counts(self):\n from django.db import connection\n with connection.cursor() as cursor:\n cursor.execute("""\n SELECT p.id, p.question, p.poll_date, COUNT(*)\n FROM polls_opinionpoll p, polls_response r\n WHERE p.id = r.poll_id\n GROUP BY p.id, p.question, p.poll_date\n ORDER BY p.poll_date DESC""")\n result_list = []\n for row in cursor.fetchall():\n p = self.model(id=row[0], question=row[1], poll_date=row[2])\n p.num_responses = row[3]\n result_list.append(p)\n return result_list\n\nclass OpinionPoll(models.Model):\n question = models.CharField(max_length=200)\n poll_date = models.DateField()\n objects = PollManager()\n\nclass Response(models.Model):\n poll = models.ForeignKey(OpinionPoll, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n person_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n response = models.TextField()\nWith this example, you'd use OpinionPoll.objects.with_counts() to return\nthat list of OpinionPoll objects with num_responses attributes.
Another thing to note about this example is that Manager methods can\naccess self.model to get the model class to which they're attached.
QuerySetLink to this heading#A Manager’s base QuerySet returns all objects in the system. For\nexample, using this model:
from django.db import models\n\nclass Book(models.Model):\n title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n author = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n...the statement Book.objects.all() will return all books in the database.
You can override a Manager’s base QuerySet by overriding the\nManager.get_queryset() method. get_queryset() should return a\nQuerySet with the properties you require.
For example, the following model has two Managers -- one that returns\nall objects, and one that returns only the books by Roald Dahl:
# First, define the Manager subclass.\nclass DahlBookManager(models.Manager):\n def get_queryset(self):\n return super().get_queryset().filter(author='Roald Dahl')\n\n# Then hook it into the Book model explicitly.\nclass Book(models.Model):\n title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n author = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n\n objects = models.Manager() # The default manager.\n dahl_objects = DahlBookManager() # The Dahl-specific manager.\nWith this sample model, Book.objects.all() will return all books in the\ndatabase, but Book.dahl_objects.all() will only return the ones written by\nRoald Dahl.
Of course, because get_queryset() returns a QuerySet object, you can\nuse filter(), exclude() and all the other QuerySet methods on it.\nSo these statements are all legal:
Book.dahl_objects.all()\nBook.dahl_objects.filter(title='Matilda')\nBook.dahl_objects.count()\nThis example also pointed out another interesting technique: using multiple\nmanagers on the same model. You can attach as many Manager() instances to\na model as you'd like. This is an easy way to define common "filters" for your\nmodels.
例如:
\nclass AuthorManager(models.Manager):\n def get_queryset(self):\n return super().get_queryset().filter(role='A')\n\nclass EditorManager(models.Manager):\n def get_queryset(self):\n return super().get_queryset().filter(role='E')\n\nclass Person(models.Model):\n first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n role = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=(('A', _('Author')), ('E', _('Editor'))))\n people = models.Manager()\n authors = AuthorManager()\n editors = EditorManager()\nThis example allows you to request Person.authors.all(), Person.editors.all(),\nand Person.people.all(), yielding predictable results.
If you use custom Manager objects, take note that the first Manager\nDjango encounters (in the order in which they're defined in the model) has a\nspecial status. Django interprets the first Manager defined in a class as\nthe "default" Manager, and several parts of Django (including\ndumpdata) will use that Manager exclusively for that model. As a\nresult, it's a good idea to be careful in your choice of default manager in\norder to avoid a situation where overriding get_queryset() results in an\ninability to retrieve objects you'd like to work with.
You can specify a custom default manager using Meta.default_manager_name.
If you're writing some code that must handle an unknown model, for example, in\na third-party app that implements a generic view, use this manager (or\n_base_manager) rather than assuming the model has an objects\nmanager.
This manager is used to access objects that are related to from some other\nmodel. In those situations, Django has to be able to see all the objects for\nthe model it is fetching, so that anything which is referred to can be\nretrieved.
\nIf you override the get_queryset() method and filter out any rows, Django\nwill return incorrect results. Don't do that. A manager that filters results\nin get_queryset() is not appropriate for use as a base manager.
QuerySet methods from the managerLink to this heading#While most methods from the standard QuerySet are accessible directly from\nthe Manager, this is only the case for the extra methods defined on a\ncustom QuerySet if you also implement them on the Manager:
class PersonQuerySet(models.QuerySet):\n def authors(self):\n return self.filter(role='A')\n\n def editors(self):\n return self.filter(role='E')\n\nclass PersonManager(models.Manager):\n def get_queryset(self):\n return PersonQuerySet(self.model, using=self._db)\n\n def authors(self):\n return self.get_queryset().authors()\n\n def editors(self):\n return self.get_queryset().editors()\n\nclass Person(models.Model):\n first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n role = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=(('A', _('Author')), ('E', _('Editor'))))\n people = PersonManager()\nThis example allows you to call both authors() and editors() directly from\nthe manager Person.people.
QuerySet methodsLink to this heading#In lieu of the above approach which requires duplicating methods on both the\nQuerySet and the Manager, QuerySet.as_manager() can be used to create an instance\nof Manager with a copy of a custom QuerySet’s methods:
class Person(models.Model):\n ...\n people = PersonQuerySet.as_manager()\nThe Manager instance created by QuerySet.as_manager() will be virtually\nidentical to the PersonManager from the previous example.
Not every QuerySet method makes sense at the Manager level; for\ninstance we intentionally prevent the QuerySet.delete() method from being copied onto\nthe Manager class.
Methods are copied according to the following rules:
\nPublic methods are copied by default.
Private methods (starting with an underscore) are not copied by default.
Methods with a queryset_only attribute set to False are always copied.
Methods with a queryset_only attribute set to True are never copied.
例如:
\nclass CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):\n # Available on both Manager and QuerySet.\n def public_method(self):\n return\n\n # Available only on QuerySet.\n def _private_method(self):\n return\n\n # Available only on QuerySet.\n def opted_out_public_method(self):\n return\n opted_out_public_method.queryset_only = True\n\n # Available on both Manager and QuerySet.\n def _opted_in_private_method(self):\n return\n _opted_in_private_method.queryset_only = False\nfrom_queryset()Link to this heading#For advanced usage you might want both a custom Manager and a custom\nQuerySet. You can do that by calling Manager.from_queryset() which\nreturns a subclass of your base Manager with a copy of the custom\nQuerySet methods:
class BaseManager(models.Manager):\n def manager_only_method(self):\n return\n\nclass CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):\n def manager_and_queryset_method(self):\n return\n\nclass MyModel(models.Model):\n objects = BaseManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)()\n还可以将生成的类存储到变量中：
\nCustomManager = BaseManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)\n\nclass MyModel(models.Model):\n objects = CustomManager()\n下面是Django如何处理自定义管理器和 model inheritance：
\n基类的管理者总是由子类继承，使用Python的正常名称解析顺序（子类上的名称覆盖所有其他类；然后在第一个父类上命名）等等。
如果没有在模型和/或其父母上宣布管理人员，Django就会自动创建``objects``管理器。
类上的默认管理器要么是使用:attr:Meta.default_manager_name <django.db.models.Options.default_manager_name>，要么是在模型上声明的第一个管理器，或者是第一个父模型的默认管理器。
如果您想通过抽象基类在一组模型上安装自定义管理器集合，但仍然自定义默认管理器，则这些规则提供了必要的灵活性。
\nclass AbstractBase(models.Model):\n # ...\n objects = CustomManager()\n\n class Meta:\n abstract = True\n如果您在子类中直接使用这一点，如果您在基类中没有声明任何管理器，那么 objects 将是默认的管理器：
class ChildA(AbstractBase):\n # ...\n # This class has CustomManager as the default manager.\n pass\n如果您想从``AbstractBase``继承，但提供不同的默认管理器，则可以在子类上提供默认管理器：
\nclass ChildB(AbstractBase):\n # ...\n # An explicit default manager.\n default_manager = OtherManager()\n在这里，default_manager``是默认的。 ``objects 管理器仍然可用，因为它是继承的。它只是没有被用作默认值。
最后，对于这个示例，假设您想要向子类中添加额外的管理器，但是仍然使用来自``AbstractBase``的默认管理器。您不能直接在子类中添加新的管理器，因为这将覆盖默认值，并且您还必须显式地包含来自抽象基类的所有管理器。解决方案是将额外的管理器放到另一个基类中，并在默认值*之后*将其引入继承层次结构：
\nclass ExtraManager(models.Model):\n extra_manager = OtherManager()\n\n class Meta:\n abstract = True\n\nclass ChildC(AbstractBase, ExtraManager):\n # ...\n # Default manager is CustomManager, but OtherManager is\n # also available via the "extra_manager" attribute.\n pass\n请注意，虽然可以在抽象模型上定义*自定义管理器，但不能使用抽象模型*调用*任何方法。即：
\nClassA.objects.do_something()\n是合法的，但：
\nAbstractBase.objects.do_something()\n这将引起一个例外。这是因为管理人员打算封装管理对象集合的逻辑。因为您不能拥有抽象对象的集合，所以管理抽象对象是没有意义的。如果您有适用于抽象模型的功能，则应该将该功能放在抽象模型上的 静态方法 或``类方法`` 中。
无论您在自定义的 Manager 中添加了什么特性，都必须能够对 Manager 实例进行简单的复制；也就是说，以下代码必须有效：
>>> import copy\n>>> manager = MyManager()\n>>> my_copy = copy.copy(manager)\nDjango在某些查询期间对管理器对象进行浅拷贝；如果您的管理器无法被复制，那么这些查询将失败。
\nThis won't be an issue for most custom managers. If you are just\nadding simple methods to your Manager, it is unlikely that you\nwill inadvertently make instances of your Manager uncopyable.\nHowever, if you're overriding __getattr__ or some other private\nmethod of your Manager object that controls object state, you\nshould ensure that you don't affect the ability of your Manager to\nbe copied.