{"title":"PostgreSQL specific model fields","version":"2.0","locale":"ko","docname":"ref/contrib/postgres/fields","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields/","summary":"All of these fields are available from the django.contrib.postgres.fields module. Indexing these fields Link to this heading # Index and Field.db_index both create…","html":"<h1>PostgreSQL specific model fields<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#postgresql-specific-model-fields\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h1>\n<p>All of these fields are available from the <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span></code>\nmodule.</p>\n<section id=\"indexing-these-fields\">\n<h2>Indexing these fields<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#indexing-these-fields\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/indexes/#django.db.models.Index\" title=\"django.db.models.Index\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Index</span></code></a> and <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field.db_index\" title=\"django.db.models.Field.db_index\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Field.db_index</span></code></a> both create a\nB-tree index, which isn’t particularly helpful when querying complex data types.\nIndexes such as <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/indexes/#django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">GinIndex</span></code></a> and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/indexes/#django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GistIndex\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GistIndex\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">GistIndex</span></code></a> are better suited, though\nthe index choice is dependent on the queries that you’re using. Generally, GiST\nmay be a good choice for the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#range-fields\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">range fields</span></a> and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code></a>, and GIN may be helpful for <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code></a> and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code></a>.</p>\n</section>\n<section id=\"arrayfield\">\n<h2><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#arrayfield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></span></em>, <em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">size</span></span><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">=</span></span><span class=\"default_value\"><span class=\"pre\">None</span></span></em>, <em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>A field for storing lists of data. Most field types can be used, you simply\npass another field instance as the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></code></a>. You may also specify a <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">size</span></code></a>. <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code> can be nested to store multi-dimensional\narrays.</p>\n<p>If you give the field a <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field.default\" title=\"django.db.models.Field.default\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">default</span></code></a>, ensure\nit’s a callable such as <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">list</span></code> (for an empty default) or a callable that\nreturns a list (such as a function). Incorrectly using <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">default=[]</span></code>\ncreates a mutable default that is shared between all instances of\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code>.</p>\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>This is a required argument.</p>\n<p>Specifies the underlying data type and behavior for the array. It\nshould be an instance of a subclass of\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field\" title=\"django.db.models.Field\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Field</span></code></a>. For example, it could be an\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.IntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.IntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerField</span></code></a> or a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.CharField\" title=\"django.db.models.CharField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">CharField</span></code></a>. Most field types are permitted,\nwith the exception of those handling relational data\n(<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ForeignKey\" title=\"django.db.models.ForeignKey\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ForeignKey</span></code></a>,\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.OneToOneField\" title=\"django.db.models.OneToOneField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">OneToOneField</span></code></a> and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ManyToManyField\" title=\"django.db.models.ManyToManyField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ManyToManyField</span></code></a>).</p>\n<p>It is possible to nest array fields - you can specify an instance of\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code> as the <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">ChessBoard</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">board</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span>\n        <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span>\n            <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">10</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">blank</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"kc\">True</span><span class=\"p\">),</span>\n            <span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">8</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"p\">),</span>\n        <span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">8</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"p\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Transformation of values between the database and the model, validation\nof data and configuration, and serialization are all delegated to the\nunderlying base field.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">size</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>This is an optional argument.</p>\n<p>If passed, the array will have a maximum size as specified. This will\nbe passed to the database, although PostgreSQL at present does not\nenforce the restriction.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</dd></dl>\n\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">참고</p>\n<p>When nesting <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code>, whether you use the size parameter or not,\nPostgreSQL requires that the arrays are rectangular:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">Board</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">pieces</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">IntegerField</span><span class=\"p\">()))</span>\n\n<span class=\"c1\"># Valid</span>\n<span class=\"n\">Board</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">pieces</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"mi\">2</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">3</span><span class=\"p\">],</span>\n    <span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"mi\">2</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">1</span><span class=\"p\">],</span>\n<span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"c1\"># Not valid</span>\n<span class=\"n\">Board</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">pieces</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"mi\">2</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">3</span><span class=\"p\">],</span>\n    <span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"mi\">2</span><span class=\"p\">],</span>\n<span class=\"p\">])</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>If irregular shapes are required, then the underlying field should be made\nnullable and the values padded with <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">None</span></code>.</p>\n</aside>\n<section id=\"querying-arrayfield\">\n<h3>Querying <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#querying-arrayfield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>There are a number of custom lookups and transforms for <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code></a>.\nWe will use the following example model:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">Post</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">name</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">200</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">tags</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">ArrayField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">200</span><span class=\"p\">),</span> <span class=\"n\">blank</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"kc\">True</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">def</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"fm\">__str__</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return</span> <span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">name</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<section id=\"contains\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.contains\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#contains\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>The <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code></a> lookup is overridden on <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code></a>. The\nreturned objects will be those where the values passed are a subset of the\ndata. It uses the SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&#64;&gt;</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Third post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;tutorial&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Third post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"contained-by\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.contained_by\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#contained-by\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>This is the inverse of the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code></a> lookup -\nthe objects returned will be those where the data is a subset of the values\npassed. It uses the SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&lt;&#64;</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Third post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;tutorial&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;tutorial&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;, &lt;Post: Third post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"overlap\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.overlap\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">overlap</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#overlap\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where the data shares any results with the values passed. Uses\nthe SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&amp;&amp;</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Third post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;tutorial&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__overlap</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__overlap</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;tutorial&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;, &lt;Post: Third post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"len\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.len\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">len</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#len\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns the length of the array. The lookups available afterwards are those\navailable for <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.IntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.IntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerField</span></code></a>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__len</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">1</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"index-transforms\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.index\"></span><h4>Index transforms<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#index-transforms\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Index transforms index into the array. Any non-negative integer can be used.\nThere are no errors if it exceeds the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.size\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">size</span></code></a> of the\narray. The lookups available after the transform are those from the\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField.base_field\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></code></a>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__0</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__1__iexact</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__276</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;javascript&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet []&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">참고</p>\n<p>PostgreSQL uses 1-based indexing for array fields when writing raw SQL.\nHowever these indexes and those used in <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.slice\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">slices</span></code></a>\nuse 0-based indexing to be consistent with Python.</p>\n</aside>\n</section>\n<section id=\"slice-transforms\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.slice\"></span><h4>Slice transforms<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#slice-transforms\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Slice transforms take a slice of the array. Any two non-negative integers can\nbe used, separated by a single underscore. The lookups available after the\ntransform do not change. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;First post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Second post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Third post&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">tags</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;python&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__0_1</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Post</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">tags__0_2__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;thoughts&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Post: First post&gt;, &lt;Post: Second post&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">참고</p>\n<p>PostgreSQL uses 1-based indexing for array fields when writing raw SQL.\nHowever these slices and those used in <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-arrayfield.index\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">indexes</span></code></a>\nuse 0-based indexing to be consistent with Python.</p>\n</aside>\n<aside class=\"admonition-multidimensional-arrays-with-indexes-and-slices admonition\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">Multidimensional arrays with indexes and slices</p>\n<p>PostgreSQL has some rather esoteric behavior when using indexes and slices\non multidimensional arrays. It will always work to use indexes to reach\ndown to the final underlying data, but most other slices behave strangely\nat the database level and cannot be supported in a logical, consistent\nfashion by Django.</p>\n</aside>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"citext-fields\">\n<h2><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">CIText</span></code> fields<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#citext-fields\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIText\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">CIText</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIText\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><aside class=\"version-note version-added\" data-version=\"1.11\">\n<p class=\"version-note-title\">New in Django 1.11</p></aside>\n<p>A mixin to create case-insensitive text fields backed by the <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/citext.html\">citext</a> type.\nRead about <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/citext.html#AEN178177\">the performance considerations</a> prior to using it.</p>\n<p>To use <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">citext</span></code>, use the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/operations/#django.contrib.postgres.operations.CITextExtension\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.operations.CITextExtension\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">CITextExtension</span></code></a> operation to\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/operations/#create-postgresql-extensions\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">setup the citext extension</span></a> in\nPostgreSQL before the first <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">CreateModel</span></code> migration operation.</p>\n<p>Several fields that use the mixin are provided:</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.CICharField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">CICharField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CICharField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd></dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIEmailField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">CIEmailField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIEmailField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd></dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.CITextField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">CITextField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CITextField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>These fields subclass <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.CharField\" title=\"django.db.models.CharField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">CharField</span></code></a>,\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.EmailField\" title=\"django.db.models.EmailField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">EmailField</span></code></a>, and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.TextField\" title=\"django.db.models.TextField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">TextField</span></code></a>, respectively.</p>\n<p><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">max_length</span></code> won’t be enforced in the database since <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">citext</span></code> behaves\nsimilar to PostgreSQL’s <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">text</span></code> type.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"hstorefield\">\n<h2><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#hstorefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>A field for storing key-value pairs. The Python data type used is a\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">dict</span></code>. Keys must be strings, and values may be either strings or nulls\n(<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">None</span></code> in Python).</p>\n<p>To use this field, you’ll need to:</p>\n<ol class=\"arabic simple\">\n<li><p>Add <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">'django.contrib.postgres'</span></code> in your <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-INSTALLED_APPS\"><code class=\"xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">INSTALLED_APPS</span></code></a>.</p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/operations/#create-postgresql-extensions\"><span class=\"std std-ref\">Setup the hstore extension</span></a> in\nPostgreSQL.</p></li>\n</ol>\n<p>You’ll see an error like <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">can't</span> <span class=\"pre\">adapt</span> <span class=\"pre\">type</span> <span class=\"pre\">'dict'</span></code> if you skip the first\nstep, or <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">type</span> <span class=\"pre\">&quot;hstore&quot;</span> <span class=\"pre\">does</span> <span class=\"pre\">not</span> <span class=\"pre\">exist</span></code> if you skip the second.</p>\n<aside class=\"version-note version-changed\" data-version=\"1.11\">\n<p class=\"version-note-title\">Changed in Django 1.11</p><p>Added the ability to store nulls. Previously, they were cast to strings.</p>\n</aside>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">참고</p>\n<p>On occasions it may be useful to require or restrict the keys which are\nvalid for a given field. This can be done using the\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/validators/#django.contrib.postgres.validators.KeysValidator\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.validators.KeysValidator\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">KeysValidator</span></code></a>.</p>\n</aside>\n<section id=\"querying-hstorefield\">\n<h3>Querying <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#querying-hstorefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>In addition to the ability to query by key, there are a number of custom\nlookups available for <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code>.</p>\n<p>We will use the following example model:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">HStoreField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">Dog</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">name</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">200</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">data</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">HStoreField</span><span class=\"p\">()</span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">def</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"fm\">__str__</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return</span> <span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">name</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<section id=\"key-lookups\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.key\"></span><h4>Key lookups<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#key-lookups\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>To query based on a given key, you simply use that key as the lookup name:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__breed</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>You can chain other lookups after key lookups:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__breed__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;, &lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>If the key you wish to query by clashes with the name of another lookup, you\nneed to use the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">hstorefield.contains</span></code></a> lookup instead.</p>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-warning\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">경고</p>\n<p>Since any string could be a key in a hstore value, any lookup other than\nthose listed below will be interpreted as a key lookup. No errors are\nraised. Be extra careful for typing mistakes, and always check your queries\nwork as you intend.</p>\n</aside>\n</section>\n<section id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains\">\n<span id=\"id1\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>The <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code></a> lookup is overridden on\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code></a>. The returned objects are\nthose where the given <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">dict</span></code> of key-value pairs are all contained in the\nfield. It uses the SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&#64;&gt;</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;, &lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contained_by\">\n<span id=\"id2\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contained_by\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>This is the inverse of the <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code></a> lookup -\nthe objects returned will be those where the key-value pairs on the object are\na subset of those in the value passed. It uses the SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&lt;&#64;</span></code>. For\nexample:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;, &lt;Dog: Fred&gt;]&gt;</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Fred&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"has-key\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_key\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_key</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#has-key\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where the given key is in the data. Uses the SQL operator\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">?</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__has_key</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"has-any-keys\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_any_keys\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_any_keys</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#has-any-keys\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where any of the given keys are in the data. Uses the SQL\noperator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">?|</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__has_any_keys</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;, &lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"has-keys\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_keys\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_keys</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#has-keys\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where all of the given keys are in the data. Uses the SQL operator\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">?&amp;</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__has_keys</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"keys\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.keys\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">keys</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#keys\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where the array of keys is the given value. Note that the order\nis not guaranteed to be reliable, so this transform is mainly useful for using\nin conjunction with lookups on\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code></a>. Uses the SQL function\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">akeys()</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;toy&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;bone&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__keys__overlap</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;toy&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;, &lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"values\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.values\"></span><h4><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">values</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#values\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Returns objects where the array of values is the given value. Note that the\norder is not guaranteed to be reliable, so this transform is mainly useful for\nusing in conjunction with lookups on\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">ArrayField</span></code></a>. Uses the SQL function\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">avalues()</span></code>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__values__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">])</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"jsonfield\">\n<h2><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#jsonfield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">encoder</span></span><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">=</span></span><span class=\"default_value\"><span class=\"pre\">None</span></span></em>, <em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>A field for storing JSON encoded data. In Python the data is represented in\nits Python native format: dictionaries, lists, strings, numbers, booleans\nand <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">None</span></code>.</p>\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField.encoder\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">encoder</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField.encoder\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><aside class=\"version-note version-added\" data-version=\"1.11\">\n<p class=\"version-note-title\">New in Django 1.11</p></aside>\n<p>An optional JSON-encoding class to serialize data types not supported\nby the standard JSON serializer (<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">datetime</span></code>, <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">uuid</span></code>, etc.). For\nexample, you can use the\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/topics/serialization/#django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder\" title=\"django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DjangoJSONEncoder</span></code></a> class or any\nother <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.JSONEncoder\" title=\"(Python v3.14에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">json.JSONEncoder</span></code></a> subclass.</p>\n<p>When the value is retrieved from the database, it will be in the format\nchosen by the custom encoder (most often a string), so you’ll need to\ntake extra steps to convert the value back to the initial data type\n(<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.from_db\" title=\"django.db.models.Model.from_db\"><code class=\"xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Model.from_db()</span></code></a> and\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field.from_db_value\" title=\"django.db.models.Field.from_db_value\"><code class=\"xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">Field.from_db_value()</span></code></a>\nare two possible hooks for that purpose). Your deserialization may need\nto account for the fact that you can’t be certain of the input type.\nFor example, you run the risk of returning a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">datetime</span></code> that was\nactually a string that just happened to be in the same format chosen\nfor <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">datetime</span></code>s.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<p>If you give the field a <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field.default\" title=\"django.db.models.Field.default\"><code class=\"xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">default</span></code></a>, ensure\nit’s a callable such as <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">dict</span></code> (for an empty default) or a callable that\nreturns a dict (such as a function). Incorrectly using <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">default={}</span></code>\ncreates a mutable default that is shared between all instances of\n<code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code>.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-note\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">참고</p>\n<p>PostgreSQL has two native JSON based data types: <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">json</span></code> and <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">jsonb</span></code>.\nThe main difference between them is how they are stored and how they can be\nqueried. PostgreSQL’s <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">json</span></code> field is stored as the original string\nrepresentation of the JSON and must be decoded on the fly when queried\nbased on keys. The <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">jsonb</span></code> field is stored based on the actual structure\nof the JSON which allows indexing. The trade-off is a small additional cost\non writing to the <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">jsonb</span></code> field. <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code> uses <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">jsonb</span></code>.</p>\n<p><strong>As a result, this field requires PostgreSQL ≥ 9.4</strong>.</p>\n</aside>\n<section id=\"querying-jsonfield\">\n<h3>Querying <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#querying-jsonfield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>We will use the following example model:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">JSONField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">Dog</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">name</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">200</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">data</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">JSONField</span><span class=\"p\">()</span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">def</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"fm\">__str__</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return</span> <span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">name</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<section id=\"key-index-and-path-lookups\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.key\"></span><h4>Key, index, and path lookups<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#key-index-and-path-lookups\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>To query based on a given dictionary key, simply use that key as the lookup\nname:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Rufus&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>    <span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;labrador&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>    <span class=\"s1\">&#39;owner&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"p\">{</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>        <span class=\"s1\">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>        <span class=\"s1\">&#39;other_pets&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"p\">[{</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>            <span class=\"s1\">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;Fishy&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>        <span class=\"p\">}],</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>    <span class=\"p\">},</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Meg&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">data</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">{</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;breed&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">:</span> <span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">})</span>\n\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__breed</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;collie&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Meg&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Multiple keys can be chained together to form a path lookup:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__owner__name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>If the key is an integer, it will be interpreted as an index lookup in an\narray:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Dog</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">data__owner__other_pets__0__name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Fishy&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Dog: Rufus&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>If the key you wish to query by clashes with the name of another lookup, use\nthe <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">jsonfield.contains</span></code></a> lookup instead.</p>\n<p>If only one key or index is used, the SQL operator <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">-&gt;</span></code> is used. If multiple\noperators are used then the <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">#&gt;</span></code> operator is used.</p>\n<aside class=\"admonition admonition-warning\" role=\"note\">\n<p class=\"admonition-title\">경고</p>\n<p>Since any string could be a key in a JSON object, any lookup other than\nthose listed below will be interpreted as a key lookup. No errors are\nraised. Be extra careful for typing mistakes, and always check your queries\nwork as you intend.</p>\n</aside>\n</section>\n<section id=\"containment-and-key-operations\">\n<h4>Containment and key operations<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#containment-and-key-operations\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.has_keys\"><span id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.has_any_keys\"></span><span id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.has_key\"></span><span id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.contained_by\"></span><span id=\"std-fieldlookup-jsonfield.contains\"></span><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">JSONField</span></code></a> shares lookups relating to\ncontainment and keys with <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">HStoreField</span></code></a>.</p>\n<ul class=\"simple\">\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code></a> (accepts any JSON rather than\njust a dictionary of strings)</p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contained_by\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code></a> (accepts any JSON\nrather than just a dictionary of strings)</p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_key\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_key</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_any_keys\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_any_keys</span></code></a></p></li>\n<li><p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.has_keys\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">has_keys</span></code></a></p></li>\n</ul>\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"range-fields\">\n<span id=\"id3\"></span><h2>Range Fields<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#range-fields\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h2>\n<p>There are five range field types, corresponding to the built-in range types in\nPostgreSQL. These fields are used to store a range of values; for example the\nstart and end timestamps of an event, or the range of ages an activity is\nsuitable for.</p>\n<p>All of the range fields translate to <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#adapt-range\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><span class=\"xref std std-ref\">psycopg2 Range objects</span></a> in python, but also accept tuples as input if no bounds\ninformation is necessary. The default is lower bound included, upper bound\nexcluded; that is, <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">[)</span></code>.</p>\n<section id=\"integerrangefield\">\n<h3><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerRangeField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#integerrangefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerRangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Stores a range of integers. Based on an\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.IntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.IntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerField</span></code></a>. Represented by an <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">int4range</span></code> in\nthe database and a <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.NumericRange\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">NumericRange</span></code></a> in\nPython.</p>\n<p>Regardless of the bounds specified when saving the data, PostgreSQL always\nreturns a range in a canonical form that includes the lower bound and\nexcludes the upper bound; that is <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">[)</span></code>.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"bigintegerrangefield\">\n<h3><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">BigIntegerRangeField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#bigintegerrangefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">BigIntegerRangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Stores a range of large integers. Based on a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.BigIntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.BigIntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">BigIntegerField</span></code></a>. Represented by an <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">int8range</span></code>\nin the database and a <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.NumericRange\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">NumericRange</span></code></a> in\nPython.</p>\n<p>Regardless of the bounds specified when saving the data, PostgreSQL always\nreturns a range in a canonical form that includes the lower bound and\nexcludes the upper bound; that is <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">[)</span></code>.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"floatrangefield\">\n<h3><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">FloatRangeField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#floatrangefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.FloatRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">FloatRangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.FloatRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Stores a range of floating point values. Based on a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.FloatField\" title=\"django.db.models.FloatField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">FloatField</span></code></a>. Represented by a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">numrange</span></code> in the\ndatabase and a <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.NumericRange\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">NumericRange</span></code></a> in Python.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"datetimerangefield\">\n<h3><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateTimeRangeField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#datetimerangefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">DateTimeRangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Stores a range of timestamps. Based on a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.DateTimeField\" title=\"django.db.models.DateTimeField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateTimeField</span></code></a>. Represented by a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">tstzrange</span></code> in\nthe database and a <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.DateTimeTZRange\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateTimeTZRange</span></code></a> in\nPython.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"daterangefield\">\n<h3><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateRangeField</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#daterangefield\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">DateRangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Stores a range of dates. Based on a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.DateField\" title=\"django.db.models.DateField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateField</span></code></a>. Represented by a <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">daterange</span></code> in the\ndatabase and a <a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.DateRange\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateRange</span></code></a> in Python.</p>\n<p>Regardless of the bounds specified when saving the data, PostgreSQL always\nreturns a range in a canonical form that includes the lower bound and\nexcludes the upper bound; that is <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">[)</span></code>.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n<section id=\"querying-range-fields\">\n<h3>Querying Range Fields<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#querying-range-fields\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h3>\n<p>There are a number of custom lookups and transforms for range fields. They are\navailable on all the above fields, but we will use the following example\nmodel:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.contrib.postgres.fields</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">IntegerRangeField</span>\n<span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.db</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nc\">Event</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">Model</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">name</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">CharField</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">max_length</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">200</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">ages</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">IntegerRangeField</span><span class=\"p\">()</span>\n    <span class=\"n\">start</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">models</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">DateTimeField</span><span class=\"p\">()</span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">def</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"fm\">__str__</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"p\">):</span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return</span> <span class=\"bp\">self</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">name</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>We will also use the following example objects:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">datetime</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">django.utils</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">timezone</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">now</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">timezone</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">now</span><span class=\"p\">()</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Soft play&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">ages</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">0</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">10</span><span class=\"p\">),</span> <span class=\"n\">start</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">now</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">create</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">name</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"s1\">&#39;Pub trip&#39;</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">ages</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">21</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"kc\">None</span><span class=\"p\">),</span> <span class=\"n\">start</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">now</span> <span class=\"o\">-</span> <span class=\"n\">datetime</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">timedelta</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">days</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">1</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>and <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">NumericRange</span></code>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">psycopg2.extras</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<section id=\"containment-functions\">\n<h4>Containment functions<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#containment-functions\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>As with other PostgreSQL fields, there are three standard containment\noperators: <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code>, <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code> and <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">overlap</span></code>, using the SQL\noperators <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&#64;&gt;</span></code>, <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&lt;&#64;</span></code>, and <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">&amp;&amp;</span></code> respectively.</p>\n<section id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contains\">\n<span id=\"id4\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contains</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contains\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__contains</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">4</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">5</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contained_by\">\n<span id=\"id5\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contained_by\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">0</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">15</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The <code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">contained_by</span></code> lookup is also available on the non-range field types:\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.IntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.IntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">IntegerField</span></code></a>,\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.BigIntegerField\" title=\"django.db.models.BigIntegerField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">BigIntegerField</span></code></a>,\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.FloatField\" title=\"django.db.models.FloatField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">FloatField</span></code></a>, <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.DateField\" title=\"django.db.models.DateField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateField</span></code></a>,\nand <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.DateTimeField\" title=\"django.db.models.DateTimeField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">DateTimeField</span></code></a>. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"kn\">from</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"nn\">psycopg2.extras</span><span class=\"w\"> </span><span class=\"kn\">import</span> <span class=\"n\">DateTimeTZRange</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">start__contained_by</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">DateTimeTZRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>    <span class=\"n\">timezone</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">now</span><span class=\"p\">()</span> <span class=\"o\">-</span> <span class=\"n\">datetime</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">timedelta</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">hours</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">1</span><span class=\"p\">),</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span>    <span class=\"n\">timezone</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">now</span><span class=\"p\">()</span> <span class=\"o\">+</span> <span class=\"n\">datetime</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">timedelta</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">hours</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">1</span><span class=\"p\">),</span>\n<span class=\"gp\">... </span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.overlap\">\n<span id=\"id6\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">overlap</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#std-fieldlookup-rangefield.overlap\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__overlap</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">8</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">12</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"comparison-functions\">\n<h4>Comparison functions<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#comparison-functions\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>Range fields support the standard lookups: <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-lt\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">lt</span></code></a>, <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-gt\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">gt</span></code></a>,\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-lte\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">lte</span></code></a> and <a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/querysets/#std-fieldlookup-gte\"><code class=\"xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">gte</span></code></a>. These are not particularly helpful - they\ncompare the lower bounds first and then the upper bounds only if necessary.\nThis is also the strategy used to order by a range field. It is better to use\nthe specific range comparison operators.</p>\n<section id=\"fully-lt\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.fully_lt\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">fully_lt</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#fully-lt\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>The returned ranges are strictly less than the passed range. In other words,\nall the points in the returned range are less than all those in the passed\nrange.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__fully_lt</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">11</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">15</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"fully-gt\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.fully_gt\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">fully_gt</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#fully-gt\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>The returned ranges are strictly greater than the passed range. In other words,\nthe all the points in the returned range are greater than all those in the\npassed range.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__fully_gt</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">11</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">15</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Pub trip&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"not-lt\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.not_lt\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">not_lt</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#not-lt\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>The returned ranges do not contain any points less than the passed range, that\nis the lower bound of the returned range is at least the lower bound of the\npassed range.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__not_lt</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">0</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">15</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;, &lt;Event: Pub trip&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"not-gt\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.not_gt\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">not_gt</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#not-gt\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>The returned ranges do not contain any points greater than the passed range, that\nis the upper bound of the returned range is at most the upper bound of the\npassed range.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__not_gt</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">3</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">10</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"adjacent-to\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.adjacent_to\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">adjacent_to</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#adjacent-to\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>The returned ranges share a bound with the passed range.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__adjacent_to</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"n\">NumericRange</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mi\">10</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"mi\">21</span><span class=\"p\">))</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;, &lt;Event: Pub trip&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"querying-using-the-bounds\">\n<h4>Querying using the bounds<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#querying-using-the-bounds\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>There are three transforms available for use in queries. You can extract the\nlower or upper bound, or query based on emptiness.</p>\n<section id=\"startswith\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.startswith\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">startswith</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#startswith\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>Returned objects have the given lower bound. Can be chained to valid lookups\nfor the base field.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__startswith</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">21</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Pub trip&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"endswith\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.endswith\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">endswith</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#endswith\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>Returned objects have the given upper bound. Can be chained to valid lookups\nfor the base field.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__endswith</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"mi\">10</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet [&lt;Event: Soft play&gt;]&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n<section id=\"isempty\">\n<span id=\"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.isempty\"></span><h5><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">isempty</span></code><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#isempty\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h5>\n<p>Returned objects are empty ranges. Can be chained to valid lookups for a\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"/ko/2.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.BooleanField\" title=\"django.db.models.BooleanField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">BooleanField</span></code></a>.</p>\n<div class=\"code-block\" data-language=\"default\"><div class=\"code-block-toolbar\"><span class=\"code-block-language\">Code</span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy-button\" data-copy hidden><span class=\"copy-button-label\">Copy</span></button></div><pre role=\"group\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Code code\"><code><span class=\"gp\">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=\"n\">Event</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">objects</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">filter</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">ages__isempty</span><span class=\"o\">=</span><span class=\"kc\">True</span><span class=\"p\">)</span>\n<span class=\"go\">&lt;QuerySet []&gt;</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n</section>\n</section>\n<section id=\"defining-your-own-range-types\">\n<h4>Defining your own range types<a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#defining-your-own-range-types\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this heading</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></h4>\n<p>PostgreSQL allows the definition of custom range types. Django’s model and form\nfield implementations use base classes below, and psycopg2 provides a\n<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#psycopg2.extras.register_range\" title=\"(Psycopg v2.9에서)\"><code class=\"xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">register_range()</span></code></a> to allow use of custom range\ntypes.</p>\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">RangeField</span></span><span class=\"sig-paren\">(</span><em class=\"sig-param\"><span class=\"o\"><span class=\"pre\">**</span></span><span class=\"n\"><span class=\"pre\">options</span></span></em><span class=\"sig-paren\">)</span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Base class for model range fields.</p>\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.base_field\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.base_field\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>The model field class to use.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.range_type\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">range_type</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.range_type\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>The psycopg2 range type to use.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.form_field\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">form_field</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeField.form_field\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>The form field class to use. Should be a subclass of\n<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField\" title=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField\"><code class=\"xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField</span></code></a>.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py class\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField\">\n<em class=\"property\"><span class=\"k\"><span class=\"pre\">class</span></span><span class=\"w\"> </span></em><span class=\"sig-prename descclassname\"><span class=\"pre\">django.contrib.postgres.forms.</span></span><span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">BaseRangeField</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>Base class for form range fields.</p>\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField.base_field\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">base_field</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField.base_field\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>The form field to use.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n<dl class=\"py attribute\">\n<dt class=\"sig sig-object py\" id=\"django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField.range_type\">\n<span class=\"sig-name descname\"><span class=\"pre\">range_type</span></span><a class=\"heading-anchor\" href=\"#django.contrib.postgres.fields.django.contrib.postgres.forms.BaseRangeField.range_type\"><span class=\"visually-hidden\">Link to this definition</span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">#</span></a></dt>\n<dd><p>The psycopg2 range type to use.</p>\n</dd></dl>\n\n</dd></dl>\n\n</section>\n</section>\n</section>","rootId":"postgresql-specific-model-fields","toc":[{"title":"Indexing these fields","anchor":"indexing-these-fields","children":[]},{"title":"ArrayField","anchor":"arrayfield","children":[{"title":"Querying ArrayField","anchor":"querying-arrayfield","children":[{"title":"contains","anchor":"contains","children":[]},{"title":"contained_by","anchor":"contained-by","children":[]},{"title":"overlap","anchor":"overlap","children":[]},{"title":"len","anchor":"len","children":[]},{"title":"Index transforms","anchor":"index-transforms","children":[]},{"title":"Slice transforms","anchor":"slice-transforms","children":[]}]}]},{"title":"CIText fields","anchor":"citext-fields","children":[]},{"title":"HStoreField","anchor":"hstorefield","children":[{"title":"Querying HStoreField","anchor":"querying-hstorefield","children":[{"title":"Key lookups","anchor":"key-lookups","children":[]},{"title":"contains","anchor":"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contains","children":[]},{"title":"contained_by","anchor":"std-fieldlookup-hstorefield.contained_by","children":[]},{"title":"has_key","anchor":"has-key","children":[]},{"title":"has_any_keys","anchor":"has-any-keys","children":[]},{"title":"has_keys","anchor":"has-keys","children":[]},{"title":"keys","anchor":"keys","children":[]},{"title":"values","anchor":"values","children":[]}]}]},{"title":"JSONField","anchor":"jsonfield","children":[{"title":"Querying JSONField","anchor":"querying-jsonfield","children":[{"title":"Key, index, and path lookups","anchor":"key-index-and-path-lookups","children":[]},{"title":"Containment and key operations","anchor":"containment-and-key-operations","children":[]}]}]},{"title":"Range Fields","anchor":"range-fields","children":[{"title":"IntegerRangeField","anchor":"integerrangefield","children":[]},{"title":"BigIntegerRangeField","anchor":"bigintegerrangefield","children":[]},{"title":"FloatRangeField","anchor":"floatrangefield","children":[]},{"title":"DateTimeRangeField","anchor":"datetimerangefield","children":[]},{"title":"DateRangeField","anchor":"daterangefield","children":[]},{"title":"Querying Range Fields","anchor":"querying-range-fields","children":[{"title":"Containment functions","anchor":"containment-functions","children":[{"title":"contains","anchor":"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contains","children":[]},{"title":"contained_by","anchor":"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.contained_by","children":[]},{"title":"overlap","anchor":"std-fieldlookup-rangefield.overlap","children":[]}]},{"title":"Comparison functions","anchor":"comparison-functions","children":[{"title":"fully_lt","anchor":"fully-lt","children":[]},{"title":"fully_gt","anchor":"fully-gt","children":[]},{"title":"not_lt","anchor":"not-lt","children":[]},{"title":"not_gt","anchor":"not-gt","children":[]},{"title":"adjacent_to","anchor":"adjacent-to","children":[]}]},{"title":"Querying using the bounds","anchor":"querying-using-the-bounds","children":[{"title":"startswith","anchor":"startswith","children":[]},{"title":"endswith","anchor":"endswith","children":[]},{"title":"isempty","anchor":"isempty","children":[]}]},{"title":"Defining your own range types","anchor":"defining-your-own-range-types","children":[]}]}]}],"breadcrumbs":[{"docname":"ref/index","title":"API Reference","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/"},{"docname":"ref/contrib/index","title":"contrib packages","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/"},{"docname":"ref/contrib/postgres/index","title":"django.contrib.postgres","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/"}],"prev":{"docname":"ref/contrib/postgres/aggregates","title":"PostgreSQL specific aggregation functions","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/aggregates/"},"next":{"docname":"ref/contrib/postgres/forms","title":"PostgreSQL specific form fields and widgets","url":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/forms/"},"formats":{"html":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields/","markdown":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields.md","json":"/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields.json"},"source":"https://github.com/django/django/blob/stable/2.0.x/docs/ref/contrib/postgres/fields.txt","official":"https://docs.djangoproject.com/ko/2.0/ref/contrib/postgres/fields/","inVersions":["6.1","6.0","5.2","5.1","5.0","4.2","4.1","4.0","3.2","3.1","3.0","2.2","2.1","2.0","1.11"],"inLocales":["en","zh-hans","fr","ja","id","pt-br","ko","es","el","pl"]}