---
title: "Django shortcut functions"
version: 5.1
locale: it
source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/it/5.1/topics/http/shortcuts/
canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/it/5.1/topics/http/shortcuts/
---
# Django shortcut functions

The package `django.shortcuts` collects helper functions and classes that
«span» multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes
introduce controlled coupling for convenience’s sake.

## `render()`

#### `render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)`

Combines a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an
[`HttpResponse`](/it/5.1/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponse) object with that rendered text.

Django does not provide a shortcut function which returns a
[`TemplateResponse`](/it/5.1/ref/template-response/#django.template.response.TemplateResponse) because the constructor
of [`TemplateResponse`](/it/5.1/ref/template-response/#django.template.response.TemplateResponse) offers the same level
of convenience as [`render()`](#django.shortcuts.render).

### Required arguments

**`request`**

  The request object used to generate this response.

**`template_name`**

  The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names. If a
  sequence is given, the first template that exists will be used. See the
  [template loading documentation](/it/5.1/topics/templates/#template-loading) for more
  information on how templates are found.

### Optional arguments

**`context`**

  A dictionary of values to add to the template context. By default, this
  is an empty dictionary. If a value in the dictionary is callable, the
  view will call it just before rendering the template.

**`content_type`**

  The MIME type to use for the resulting document. Defaults to
  `'text/html'`.

**`status`**

  The status code for the response. Defaults to `200`.

**`using`**

  The [`NAME`](/it/5.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-TEMPLATES-NAME) of a template engine to use for
  loading the template.

### Example

The following example renders the template `myapp/index.html` with the
MIME type `application/xhtml+xml`:

```
from django.shortcuts import render

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    return render(
        request,
        "myapp/index.html",
        {
            "foo": "bar",
        },
        content_type="application/xhtml+xml",
    )
```

This example is equivalent to:

```
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    t = loader.get_template("myapp/index.html")
    c = {"foo": "bar"}
    return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type="application/xhtml+xml")
```

## `redirect()`

#### `redirect(to, *args, permanent=False, **kwargs)`

Returns an [`HttpResponseRedirect`](/it/5.1/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponseRedirect) to the appropriate URL
for the arguments passed.

The arguments could be:

- A model: the model’s [`get_absolute_url()`](/it/5.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url)
  function will be called.
- A view name, possibly with arguments: [`reverse()`](/it/5.1/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse) will be
  used to reverse-resolve the name.
- An absolute or relative URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect
  location.

By default issues a temporary redirect; pass `permanent=True` to issue a
permanent redirect.

### Examples

You can use the [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) function in a number of ways.

1. By passing some object; that object’s
   [`get_absolute_url()`](/it/5.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url) method will be called
   to figure out the redirect URL:

   ```
   from django.shortcuts import redirect

   def my_view(request):
       ...
       obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
       return redirect(obj)
   ```
2. By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or
   keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the
   [`reverse()`](/it/5.1/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse) method:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("some-view-name", foo="bar")
   ```
3. By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("/some/url/")
   ```

   This also works with full URLs:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("https://example.com/")
   ```

By default, [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) returns a temporary redirect. All of the above
forms accept a `permanent` argument; if set to `True` a permanent redirect
will be returned:

```
def my_view(request):
    ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(obj, permanent=True)
```

## `get_object_or_404()`

#### `get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

#### `aget_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

*Asynchronous version*: `aget_object_or_404()`

Calls [`get()`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get) on a given model
manager, but it raises [`Http404`](/it/5.1/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404) instead of the model’s
[`DoesNotExist`](/it/5.1/ref/models/class/#django.db.models.Model.DoesNotExist) exception.

### Arguments

**`klass`**

  A [`Model`](/it/5.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model) class,
  a [`Manager`](/it/5.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager),
  or a [`QuerySet`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance from which to get
  the object.

**`*args`**

  [`Q objects`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.Q).

**`**kwargs`**

  Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by `get()` and
  `filter()`.

### Example

The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from
`MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

def my_view(request):
    obj = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)
```

This example is equivalent to:

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    try:
        obj = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
    except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```

The most common use case is to pass a [`Model`](/it/5.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), as
shown above. However, you can also pass a
[`QuerySet`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance:

```
queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith="M")
get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)
```

The above example is a bit contrived since it’s equivalent to doing:

```
get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith="M", pk=1)
```

but it can be useful if you are passed the `queryset` variable from somewhere
else.

Finally, you can also use a [`Manager`](/it/5.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager). This is useful
for example if you have a
[custom manager](/it/5.1/topics/db/managers/#custom-managers):

```
get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title="Matilda")
```

You can also use
[`related managers`](/it/5.1/ref/models/relations/#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager):

```
author = Author.objects.get(name="Roald Dahl")
get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title="Matilda")
```

Note: As with `get()`, a
[`MultipleObjectsReturned`](/it/5.1/ref/exceptions/#django.core.exceptions.MultipleObjectsReturned) exception
will be raised if more than one object is found.

> **Changed in Django 5.0**
>
> `aget_object_or_404()` function was added.

## `get_list_or_404()`

#### `get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

#### `aget_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

*Asynchronous version*: `aget_list_or_404()`

Returns the result of [`filter()`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.filter) on
a given model manager cast to a list, raising [`Http404`](/it/5.1/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404)
if the resulting list is empty.

### Arguments

**`klass`**

  A [`Model`](/it/5.1/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), [`Manager`](/it/5.1/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager) or
  [`QuerySet`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) instance from which to get the
  list.

**`*args`**

  [`Q objects`](/it/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.Q).

**`**kwargs`**

  Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by `get()` and
  `filter()`.

### Example

The following example gets all published objects from `MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)
```

This example is equivalent to:

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
    if not my_objects:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```

> **Changed in Django 5.0**
>
> `aget_list_or_404()` function was added.