---
title: "Fungsi jalan pintas Django"
version: 6.0
locale: id
source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/id/6.0/topics/http/shortcuts/
canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/id/6.0/topics/http/shortcuts/
---
# Fungsi jalan pintas Django

The package `django.shortcuts` collects helper functions and classes that
"span" multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes
introduce controlled coupling for convenience's sake.

## `render()`

#### `render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)`

Combines a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an
[`HttpResponse`](/id/6.0/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponse) object with that rendered text.

Django does not provide a shortcut function which returns a
[`TemplateResponse`](/id/6.0/ref/template-response/#django.template.response.TemplateResponse) because the constructor
of [`TemplateResponse`](/id/6.0/ref/template-response/#django.template.response.TemplateResponse) offers the same level
of convenience as [`render()`](#django.shortcuts.render).

### Argumen dibutuhkan

**`request`**

  Objek peminta digunakan untuk membangkitkan tanggapa ini.

**`template_name`**

  The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names. If a
  sequence is given, the first template that exists will be used. See the
  [template loading documentation](/id/6.0/topics/templates/#template-loading) for more
  information on how templates are found.

### Argumen pilihan

**`context`**

  Nilai kamus untuk ditambah ke konteks cetakan. Secara awalan, ini adalah kamus kosong. Jika nilai di kamus adalah callable, tampilan akan memanggilnya sesaat sebelum membangun cetakan.

**`content_type`**

  Jenis MIME digunakan untuk menghasilkan dokumen. Awalan menjadi `'text/html'`.

**`status`**

  Kode status untuk tanggapan. Awalan menjadi `200`.

**`using`**

  [`NAME`](/id/6.0/ref/settings/#std-setting-TEMPLATES-NAME) dari mesin cetakan untuk digunakan untuk memuat cetakan.

### Contoh

Contoh berikut membangun cetakan `myapp/index.html` dengan jenis MIME  `application/xhtml+xml`:

```
from django.shortcuts import render

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    return render(
        request,
        "myapp/index.html",
        {
            "foo": "bar",
        },
        content_type="application/xhtml+xml",
    )
```

Contoh ini setara pada:

```
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    t = loader.get_template("myapp/index.html")
    c = {"foo": "bar"}
    return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type="application/xhtml+xml")
```

## `redirect()`

#### `redirect(to, *args, permanent=False, preserve_request=False, **kwargs)`

Mengembalikan [`HttpResponseRedirect`](/id/6.0/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponseRedirect) ke URL yang sesuai untuk argument dilewatkan.

Argumen dapat menjadi:

- A model: the model's [`get_absolute_url()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url)
  function will be called.
- Nama tampilan, kemungkinan dengan argumen: [`reverse()`](/id/6.0/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse) akan digunakan untuk  membalikkan-menyelesaikan nama.
- Sebuah URL mutlak atau relatif, yang akan digunakan dengan adanya untuk pengalihan lokasi.

By default, a temporary redirect is issued with a 302 status code. If
`permanent=True`, a permanent redirect is issued with a 301 status code.

If `preserve_request=True`, the response instructs the user agent to
preserve the method and body of the original request when issuing the
redirect. In this case, temporary redirects use a 307 status code, and
permanent redirects use a 308 status code. This is better illustrated in the
following table:

| permanent | preserve\_request | HTTP status code |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `True` | `False` | 301 |
| `False` | `False` | 302 |
| `False` | `True` | 307 |
| `True` | `True` | 308 |

> **Changed in Django 5.2**
>
> The argument `preserve_request` was added.

### Contoh

Anda dapat menggunakan fungsi [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) dalam sejumlah cara.

1. Dengan melewatkan beberapa objek; metode objek [`get_absolute_url()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url) akan dipanggil untuk mencari tahu URL pengalihan:

   ```
   from django.shortcuts import redirect

   def my_view(request):
       ...
       obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
       return redirect(obj)
   ```
2. Dengan melewatkan nama dari tampilan dan pilihan beberapa popsisi atau argumen kata kunci; URL akan dibalikkan menggunakan metode [`reverse()`](/id/6.0/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse):

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("some-view-name", foo="bar")
   ```
3. Dengan melewatkan URL kode keras ke pengalihan pada:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("/some/url/")
   ```

   Ini juga bekerja dengan URL penuh:

   ```
   def my_view(request):
       ...
       return redirect("https://example.com/")
   ```

Secara awalan, [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) mengembalikan peralihan sementara. Semua dari formulir diatas menerima argumen `permanent`; jika disetel menjadi `True` pengalihan tetap akan dikembalikan:

```
def my_view(request):
    ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(obj, permanent=True)
```

Additionally, the `preserve_request` argument can be used to preserve the
original HTTP method:

```
def my_view(request):
    # ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    if request.method in ("POST", "PUT"):
        # Redirection preserves the original request method.
        return redirect(obj, preserve_request=True)
    # ...
```

## `resolve_url()`

#### `resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs)`

Returns a URL string by resolving and normalizing the given `to` argument
into a concrete URL. The parameter `to` may be:

- An object implementing [`get_absolute_url()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url),
  in which case the method will be called and its result returned.
- A view name, view function, or view class, possibly with arguments passed
  as `*args` and `**kwargs`, in which case [`reverse()`](/id/6.0/ref/urlresolvers/#django.urls.reverse)
  will be used to reverse-resolve the view.
- A URL string, which will be returned unchanged.

This function is used internally by the [`redirect()`](#django.shortcuts.redirect) shortcut to
determine the target URL for the redirect location.

### Contoh

1. Resolving a URL for a model that defines
   [`get_absolute_url()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url):

   *`models.py`*

   ```python
   from django.db import models
   from django.urls import reverse

   class Article(models.Model):
       title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

       def get_absolute_url(self):
           return reverse("article-detail", args=[self.pk])
   ```

   *`views.py`*

   ```python
   from django.http import JsonResponse
   from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, resolve_url
   from .models import Article

   def article_api_view(request, pk):
       """Return metadata about an article, including its canonical URL."""
       article = get_object_or_404(Article, pk=pk)
       return JsonResponse(
           {
               "id": article.pk,
               "title": article.title,
               "url": resolve_url(article),
           }
       )
   ```
2. Resolving a target URL for use outside of a redirect, such as in an HTTP
   response header:

   ```
   from django.conf import settings
   from django.http import HttpResponse
   from django.shortcuts import resolve_url

   def login_success(request):
       response = HttpResponse("Login successful")
       response["X-Next-URL"] = resolve_url(settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL)
       return response
   ```

## `get_object_or_404()`

#### `get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

#### `aget_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

*Asynchronous version*: `aget_object_or_404()`

Calls [`get()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get) on a given model
manager, but it raises [`Http404`](/id/6.0/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404) instead of the model's
[`DoesNotExist`](/id/6.0/ref/models/class/#django.db.models.Model.DoesNotExist) exception.

### Argumen

**`klass`**

  Kelas [`Model`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), a [`Manager`](/id/6.0/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager), atau instance [`QuerySet`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) dari mana untuk mendapatkan objek.

**`*args`**

  [`Q objects`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.Q).

**`**kwargs`**

  Parameter pencarian, yang harus berupa dalam bentuk diterima oleh `get()` dan `filter()`.

### Contoh

Contoh berikut mendapatkan objek dengan primary key 1 dari `MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

def my_view(request):
    obj = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)
```

Contoh ini setara pada:

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    try:
        obj = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
    except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```

Kasus penggunaan paling umum adalah melewatkan [`Model`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), seperti ditunjukkan diatas. Bagaimanapun, anda dapat juga melewatkan instance [`QuerySet`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet):

```
queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith="M")
get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)
```

Contoh di atas agak dibuat-buat karena setara dengan melakukan:

```
get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith="M", pk=1)
```

tetapi itu dapat berguna jika anda melewati variabel `queryset` dari tempat lain.

Akhirnya, anda dapat juga menggunakan [`Manager`](/id/6.0/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager). Ini berguna untuk contoh jika anda mempunyai [custom manager](/id/6.0/topics/db/managers/#custom-managers):

```
get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title="Matilda")
```

Anda dapat juga menggunakan [`related managers`](/id/6.0/ref/models/relations/#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager):

```
author = Author.objects.get(name="Roald Dahl")
get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title="Matilda")
```

Catat: Seperti `get()`, eksepsi [`MultipleObjectsReturned`](/id/6.0/ref/exceptions/#django.core.exceptions.MultipleObjectsReturned) akan dimunculkan jika lebih dari satu objek ditemukan.

## `get_list_or_404()`

#### `get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

#### `aget_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)`

*Asynchronous version*: `aget_list_or_404()`

Returns the result of [`filter()`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.filter) on
a given model manager cast to a list, raising [`Http404`](/id/6.0/topics/http/views/#django.http.Http404)
if the resulting list is empty.

### Argumen

**`klass`**

  Instance [`Model`](/id/6.0/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model), [`Manager`](/id/6.0/topics/db/managers/#django.db.models.Manager) atau [`QuerySet`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) dimana mendapatkan list.

**`*args`**

  [`Q objects`](/id/6.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.Q).

**`**kwargs`**

  Parameter pencarian, yang harus berupa dalam bentuk diterima oleh `get()` dan `filter()`.

### Contoh

Contoh berikut mendapatkan semua objek diterbitkan dari `MyModel`:

```
from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)
```

Contoh ini setara pada:

```
from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
    if not my_objects:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
```