---
title: "Bidang formulir"
version: 3.1
locale: id
source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/id/3.1/ref/forms/fields/
canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/id/3.1/ref/forms/fields/
---
# Bidang formulir
#### `class Field(**kwargs)`
When you create a `Form` class, the most important part is defining the
fields of the form. Each field has custom validation logic, along with a few
other hooks.
#### `Field.clean(value)`
Although the primary way you'll use `Field` classes is in `Form` classes,
you can also instantiate them and use them directly to get a better idea of
how they work. Each `Field` instance has a `clean()` method, which takes
a single argument and either raises a
`django.core.exceptions.ValidationError` exception or returns the clean
value:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> f = forms.EmailField()
>>> f.clean('foo@example.com')
'foo@example.com'
>>> f.clean('invalid email address')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['Enter a valid email address.']
```
## Argumen bidang inti
Each `Field` class constructor takes at least these arguments. Some
`Field` classes take additional, field-specific arguments, but the following
should *always* be accepted:
### `required`
#### `Field.required`
By default, each `Field` class assumes the value is required, so if you pass
an empty value -- either `None` or the empty string (`""`) -- then
`clean()` will raise a `ValidationError` exception:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> f = forms.CharField()
>>> f.clean('foo')
'foo'
>>> f.clean('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
>>> f.clean(None)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
>>> f.clean(' ')
' '
>>> f.clean(0)
'0'
>>> f.clean(True)
'True'
>>> f.clean(False)
'False'
```
Untuk menentukan bahwa bidang adalah *tidak* diwajibkan, lewatkan `required=False` ke pembangun `Field`:
```
>>> f = forms.CharField(required=False)
>>> f.clean('foo')
'foo'
>>> f.clean('')
''
>>> f.clean(None)
''
>>> f.clean(0)
'0'
>>> f.clean(True)
'True'
>>> f.clean(False)
'False'
```
If a `Field` has `required=False` and you pass `clean()` an empty value,
then `clean()` will return a *normalized* empty value rather than raising
`ValidationError`. For `CharField`, this will return
[`empty_value`](#django.forms.CharField.empty_value) which defaults to an empty string. For other
`Field` classes, it might be `None`. (This varies from field to field.)
Widgets of required form fields have the `required` HTML attribute. Set the
[`Form.use_required_attribute`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#django.forms.Form.use_required_attribute) attribute to `False` to disable it. The
`required` attribute isn't included on forms of formsets because the browser
validation may not be correct when adding and deleting formsets.
### `label`
#### `Field.label`
Argumen `label` membuat anda menentukan label "human-friendly" untuk bidang ini. Ini digunakan ketika `Field` ditampilkan dalam sebuah `Form`.
As explained in "Outputting forms as HTML" above, the default label for a
`Field` is generated from the field name by converting all underscores to
spaces and upper-casing the first letter. Specify `label` if that default
behavior doesn't result in an adequate label.
Ini adalah contoh lengkap `Form` yang menerapkan `label` untuk dua dari bidangnya. Kami telah menentukan `auto_id=False` untuk menyederhanakan keluaran:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> class CommentForm(forms.Form):
... name = forms.CharField(label='Your name')
... url = forms.URLField(label='Your website', required=False)
... comment = forms.CharField()
>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
>>> print(f)
Your name:
Your website:
Comment:
```
### `label_suffix`
#### `Field.label_suffix`
Argumen `label_suffix` membuat anda menimpa [`label_suffix`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#django.forms.Form.label_suffix) formulir pada dasar per-bidang:
```
>>> class ContactForm(forms.Form):
... age = forms.IntegerField()
... nationality = forms.CharField()
... captcha_answer = forms.IntegerField(label='2 + 2', label_suffix=' =')
>>> f = ContactForm(label_suffix='?')
>>> print(f.as_p())
```
### `initial`
#### `Field.initial`
The `initial` argument lets you specify the initial value to use when
rendering this `Field` in an unbound `Form`.
Untuk menentukan data awal dinamis, lihat parameter [`Form.initial`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#django.forms.Form.initial).
The use-case for this is when you want to display an "empty" form in which a
field is initialized to a particular value. For example:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> class CommentForm(forms.Form):
... name = forms.CharField(initial='Your name')
... url = forms.URLField(initial='http://')
... comment = forms.CharField()
>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
>>> print(f)
Name:
Url:
Comment:
```
You may be thinking, why not just pass a dictionary of the initial values as
data when displaying the form? Well, if you do that, you'll trigger validation,
and the HTML output will include any validation errors:
```
>>> class CommentForm(forms.Form):
... name = forms.CharField()
... url = forms.URLField()
... comment = forms.CharField()
>>> default_data = {'name': 'Your name', 'url': 'http://'}
>>> f = CommentForm(default_data, auto_id=False)
>>> print(f)
Name:
Url:
Enter a valid URL.
Comment:
This field is required.
```
This is why `initial` values are only displayed for unbound forms. For bound
forms, the HTML output will use the bound data.
Also note that `initial` values are *not* used as "fallback" data in
validation if a particular field's value is not given. `initial` values are
*only* intended for initial form display:
```
>>> class CommentForm(forms.Form):
... name = forms.CharField(initial='Your name')
... url = forms.URLField(initial='http://')
... comment = forms.CharField()
>>> data = {'name': '', 'url': '', 'comment': 'Foo'}
>>> f = CommentForm(data)
>>> f.is_valid()
False
# The form does *not* fall back to using the initial values.
>>> f.errors
{'url': ['This field is required.'], 'name': ['This field is required.']}
```
Instead of a constant, you can also pass any callable:
```
>>> import datetime
>>> class DateForm(forms.Form):
... day = forms.DateField(initial=datetime.date.today)
>>> print(DateForm())
Day:
```
The callable will be evaluated only when the unbound form is displayed, not when it is defined.
### `widget`
#### `Field.widget`
The `widget` argument lets you specify a `Widget` class to use when
rendering this `Field`. See [Widget](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/) for more information.
### `help_text`
#### `Field.help_text`
Argumen `help_text` membiarkan anda menentukan gambaran teks untuk `Field` ini. Jika anda menyediakan `help_text`, itu akan ditampilkan dekat `Field` ketika `Field` dibangun oleh satu dari metode `Form` yang nyaman (misalnya, `as_ul()`).
Like the model field's [`help_text`](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.Field.help_text), this value
isn't HTML-escaped in automatically-generated forms.
Here's a full example `Form` that implements `help_text` for two of its
fields. We've specified `auto_id=False` to simplify the output:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> class HelpTextContactForm(forms.Form):
... subject = forms.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='100 characters max.')
... message = forms.CharField()
... sender = forms.EmailField(help_text='A valid email address, please.')
... cc_myself = forms.BooleanField(required=False)
>>> f = HelpTextContactForm(auto_id=False)
>>> print(f.as_table())
Subject:
100 characters max.
Message:
Sender:
A valid email address, please.
Cc myself:
>>> print(f.as_ul()))
Subject: 100 characters max.
Message:
Sender: A valid email address, please.
Cc myself:
>>> print(f.as_p())
Subject: 100 characters max.
Message:
Sender: A valid email address, please.
Cc myself:
```
### `error_messages`
#### `Field.error_messages`
The `error_messages` argument lets you override the default messages that the
field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you
want to override. For example, here is the default error message:
```
>>> from django import forms
>>> generic = forms.CharField()
>>> generic.clean('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
```
Dan ini adalah pesan kesalahan penyesuaian:
```
>>> name = forms.CharField(error_messages={'required': 'Please enter your name'})
>>> name.clean('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['Please enter your name']
```
Dalam bagian [built-in Field classes](#built-in-field-classes) dibawah ini, setiap `Field` menentukan kunci-kunci pesan kesalahan itu gunakan.
### `validators`
#### `Field.validators`
Argumen `validators` membiarkan anda menyediakan daftar dari fungsi pengecekan untuk bidang ini.
Lihat [validators documentation](/id/3.1/ref/validators/) untuk informasi lebih.
### `localize`
#### `Field.localize`
Argumen `localize` mengadakan lokalisasi dari formulir masukan data, sama halnyakeluaran dibangun.
Lihat dokuemntasi [format localization](/id/3.1/topics/i18n/formatting/) untuk informasi lebih.
### `disabled`
#### `Field.disabled`
The `disabled` boolean argument, when set to `True`, disables a form field
using the `disabled` HTML attribute so that it won't be editable by users.
Even if a user tampers with the field's value submitted to the server, it will
be ignored in favor of the value from the form's initial data.
## Memeriksa jika data bidang telah berubah
### `has_changed()`
#### `Field.has_changed()`
The `has_changed()` method is used to determine if the field value has changed
from the initial value. Returns `True` or `False`.
Lihat dokumentasi [`Form.has_changed()`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#django.forms.Form.has_changed) untuk informasi lebih.
## KelaS-kelas `Field` siap-pakai
Naturally, the `forms` library comes with a set of `Field` classes that
represent common validation needs. This section documents each built-in field.
For each field, we describe the default widget used if you don't specify
`widget`. We also specify the value returned when you provide an empty value
(see the section on `required` above to understand what that means).
### `BooleanField`
#### `class BooleanField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`CheckboxInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.CheckboxInput)
- Nilai kosong: `False`
- Dinormalkan pada: Nilai Python `True` atau `False`.
- Mensahkan bahwa nilai adalah `True` (misalnya kotak centang dicentang) jika bidang mempunyai `required=True`.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`
> **Note**
>
> Since all `Field` subclasses have `required=True` by default, the
> validation condition here is important. If you want to include a boolean
> in your form that can be either `True` or `False` (e.g. a checked or
> unchecked checkbox), you must remember to pass in `required=False` when
> creating the `BooleanField`.
### `CharField`
#### `class CharField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: Apapun anda telah berikan sebagai [`empty_value`](#django.forms.CharField.empty_value).
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Menggunakan [`MaxLengthValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MaxLengthValidator) dan [`MinLengthValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MinLengthValidator) jika `max_length` dan `min_length` disediakan. Sebaliknya, semua masukan adalah sah.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `max_length`, `min_length`
Has four optional arguments for validation:
#### `max_length`
#### `min_length`
If provided, these arguments ensure that the string is at most or at
least the given length.
#### `strip`
Jika `True` (awalan), nilai akan dilucuti dari terkemuka dan buntutan ruang kosong.
#### `empty_value`
NIlai digunakan untuk mewakilkan "empty". Awalan pada string kosong.
### `ChoiceField`
#### `class ChoiceField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`Select`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Select)
- Nilai kosong: `''` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Mensahkan yaitu nilai yang diberikan ada dalam daftar pilihan.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid_choice`
The `invalid_choice` error message may contain `%(value)s`, which will be
replaced with the selected choice.
Mengambil satu argumen tambahan:
#### `choices`
Either an [iterable](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-iterable) of 2-tuples to use as choices for this
field, [enumeration](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#field-choices-enum-types) choices, or a
callable that returns such an iterable. This argument accepts the same
formats as the `choices` argument to a model field. See the
[model field reference documentation on choices](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#field-choices)
for more details. If the argument is a callable, it is evaluated each
time the field's form is initialized, in addition to during rendering.
Defaults to an empty list.
### `TypedChoiceField`
#### `class TypedChoiceField(**kwargs)`
Just like a [`ChoiceField`](#django.forms.ChoiceField), except [`TypedChoiceField`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField) takes two
extra arguments, [`coerce`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField.coerce) and [`empty_value`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField.empty_value).
- Widget awalan: [`Select`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Select)
- Nilai kosong: Apapun anda telah berikan sebagai [`empty_value`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField.empty_value).
- Normalizes to: A value of the type provided by the [`coerce`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField.coerce)
argument.
- Mensahkan yang nilai diberikan yang ada dalam daftar pilihan dan dapat dipaksakan.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid_choice`
Mengambil argumen tambahan:
#### `coerce`
A function that takes one argument and returns a coerced value. Examples
include the built-in `int`, `float`, `bool` and other types. Defaults
to an identity function. Note that coercion happens after input
validation, so it is possible to coerce to a value not present in
`choices`.
#### `empty_value`
The value to use to represent "empty." Defaults to the empty string;
`None` is another common choice here. Note that this value will not be
coerced by the function given in the `coerce` argument, so choose it
accordingly.
### `DateField`
#### `class DateField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`DateInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.DateInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah obyek `datetime.date` Python.
- Validates that the given value is either a `datetime.date`,
`datetime.datetime` or string formatted in a particular date format.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil satu argumen pilihan:
#### `input_formats`
Sebuah daftar dari bentuk untuk berusaha merubah sebuah string menjadi obyek `datetime.date` sah.
If no `input_formats` argument is provided, the default input formats are
taken from [`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-DATE_INPUT_FORMATS) if [`USE_L10N`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-USE_L10N) is
`False`, or from the active locale format `DATE_INPUT_FORMATS` key if
localization is enabled. See also [format localization](/id/3.1/topics/i18n/formatting/).
### `DateTimeField`
#### `class DateTimeField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`DateTimeInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.DateTimeInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah obyek `datetime.datetime` Python.
- Validates that the given value is either a `datetime.datetime`,
`datetime.date` or string formatted in a particular datetime format.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil satu argumen pilihan:
#### `input_formats`
A list of formats used to attempt to convert a string to a valid
`datetime.datetime` object, in addition to ISO 8601 formats.
The field always accepts strings in ISO 8601 formatted dates or similar
recognized by [`parse_datetime()`](/id/3.1/ref/utils/#django.utils.dateparse.parse_datetime). Some examples
are:
```
* '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
* '2006-10-25T14:30:59'
* '2006-10-25 14:30'
* '2006-10-25T14:30'
* '2006-10-25T14:30Z'
* '2006-10-25T14:30+02:00'
* '2006-10-25'
```
If no `input_formats` argument is provided, the default input formats are
taken from [`DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS) and
[`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-DATE_INPUT_FORMATS) if [`USE_L10N`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-USE_L10N) is `False`, or from
the active locale format `DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS` and
`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS` keys if localization is enabled. See also
[format localization](/id/3.1/topics/i18n/formatting/).
> **Changed in Django 3.1**
>
> Support for ISO 8601 date string parsing (including optional timezone)
> was added.
>
> The fallback on `DATE_INPUT_FORMATS` in the default `input_formats`
> was added.
### `DecimalField`
#### `class DecimalField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`NumberInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.NumberInput) ketika [`Field.localize`](#django.forms.Field.localize) adalah `False`, selain itu [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput).
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah `decimal` Python.
- Validates that the given value is a decimal. Uses
[`MaxValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MaxValueValidator) and
[`MinValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MinValueValidator) if `max_value` and
`min_value` are provided. Leading and trailing whitespace is ignored.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `max_value`, `min_value`, `max_digits`, `max_decimal_places`, `max_whole_digits`
The `max_value` and `min_value` error messages may contain
`%(limit_value)s`, which will be substituted by the appropriate limit.
Similarly, the `max_digits`, `max_decimal_places` and
`max_whole_digits` error messages may contain `%(max)s`.
Mengambil empat argumen pilihan:
#### `max_value`
#### `min_value`
Ini mengendalikan jangkauan nilai yang diizinkan dalam bidang, dan harus diberikan sebagai nilai `decimal.Decimal`.
#### `max_digits`
The maximum number of digits (those before the decimal point plus those
after the decimal point, with leading zeros stripped) permitted in the
value.
#### `decimal_places`
Angka maksimal dari tempat desimal yang diizinkan.
### `DurationField`
#### `class DurationField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah [`timedelta`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta) Python.
- Validates that the given value is a string which can be converted into a
`timedelta`. The value must be between [`datetime.timedelta.min`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.min)
and [`datetime.timedelta.max`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.max).
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `overflow`.
Menerima bentuk apapun yang dipahami oleh [`parse_duration()`](/id/3.1/ref/utils/#django.utils.dateparse.parse_duration).
### `EmailField`
#### `class EmailField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`EmailInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.EmailInput)
- Empty value: Whatever you've given as `empty_value`.
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Uses [`EmailValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.EmailValidator) to validate that
the given value is a valid email address, using a moderately complex
regular expression.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Has three optional arguments `max_length`, `min_length`, and
`empty_value` which work just as they do for [`CharField`](#django.forms.CharField).
### `FileField`
#### `class FileField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`ClearableFileInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.ClearableFileInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalizes to: An `UploadedFile` object that wraps the file content
and file name into a single object.
- Can validate that non-empty file data has been bound to the form.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `missing`, `empty`, `max_length`
Has two optional arguments for validation, `max_length` and
`allow_empty_file`. If provided, these ensure that the file name is at
most the given length, and that validation will succeed even if the file
content is empty.
Untuk belajar mengenai obyek `UploadedFile`, lihat [file uploads documentation](/id/3.1/topics/http/file-uploads/).
When you use a `FileField` in a form, you must also remember to
[bind the file data to the form](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#binding-uploaded-files).
The `max_length` error refers to the length of the filename. In the error
message for that key, `%(max)d` will be replaced with the maximum filename
length and `%(length)d` will be replaced with the current filename length.
### `FilePathField`
#### `class FilePathField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`Select`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Select)
- Nilai kosong: `''` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Sahkan pilihan terpilih yang ada dalam daftar pilihan.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid_choice`
The field allows choosing from files inside a certain directory. It takes five
extra arguments; only `path` is required:
#### `path`
Jalur mutlak ke pelipat yang isinya anda ingin daftarkan. Pelipat harus ada.
#### `recursive`
If `False` (the default) only the direct contents of `path` will be
offered as choices. If `True`, the directory will be descended into
recursively and all descendants will be listed as choices.
#### `match`
A regular expression pattern; only files with names matching this expression
will be allowed as choices.
#### `allow_files`
Optional. Either `True` or `False`. Default is `True`. Specifies
whether files in the specified location should be included. Either this or
[`allow_folders`](#django.forms.FilePathField.allow_folders) must be `True`.
#### `allow_folders`
Optional. Either `True` or `False`. Default is `False`. Specifies
whether folders in the specified location should be included. Either this or
[`allow_files`](#django.forms.FilePathField.allow_files) must be `True`.
### `FloatField`
#### `class FloatField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`NumberInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.NumberInput) ketika [`Field.localize`](#django.forms.Field.localize) adalah `False`, selain itu [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput).
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasi menjadi: Sebuah float Python.
- Validates that the given value is a float. Uses
[`MaxValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MaxValueValidator) and
[`MinValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MinValueValidator) if `max_value` and
`min_value` are provided. Leading and trailing whitespace is allowed,
as in Python's `float()` function.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `max_value`, `min_value`
Takes two optional arguments for validation, `max_value` and `min_value`.
These control the range of values permitted in the field.
### `ImageField`
#### `class ImageField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`ClearableFileInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.ClearableFileInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalizes to: An `UploadedFile` object that wraps the file content
and file name into a single object.
- Validates that file data has been bound to the form. Also uses
[`FileExtensionValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.FileExtensionValidator) to validate that
the file extension is supported by Pillow.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `missing`, `empty`, `invalid_image`
Using an `ImageField` requires that [Pillow](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is installed with support
for the image formats you use. If you encounter a `corrupt image` error
when you upload an image, it usually means that Pillow doesn't understand
its format. To fix this, install the appropriate library and reinstall
Pillow.
Ketika menggunakan `ImageField` pada formulir, anda harus juga mengingat untuk [bind the file data to the form](/id/3.1/ref/forms/api/#binding-uploaded-files).
After the field has been cleaned and validated, the `UploadedFile`
object will have an additional `image` attribute containing the Pillow
[Image](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/Image.html) instance used to check if the file was a valid image. Pillow
closes the underlying file descriptor after verifying an image, so whilst
non-image data attributes, such as `format`, `height`, and `width`,
are available, methods that access the underlying image data, such as
`getdata()` or `getpixel()`, cannot be used without reopening the file.
For example:
```
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> from django import forms
>>> from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
>>> class ImageForm(forms.Form):
... img = forms.ImageField()
>>> file_data = {'img': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', )}
>>> form = ImageForm({}, file_data)
# Pillow closes the underlying file descriptor.
>>> form.is_valid()
True
>>> image_field = form.cleaned_data['img']
>>> image_field.image
>>> image_field.image.width
191
>>> image_field.image.height
287
>>> image_field.image.format
'PNG'
>>> image_field.image.getdata()
# Raises AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'seek'.
>>> image = Image.open(image_field)
>>> image.getdata()
```
Additionally, `UploadedFile.content_type` will be updated with the
image's content type if Pillow can determine it, otherwise it will be set
to `None`.
### `IntegerField`
#### `class IntegerField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`NumberInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.NumberInput) ketika [`Field.localize`](#django.forms.Field.localize) adalah `False`, selain itu [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput).
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasi menjadi: Sebuah integer Python.
- mensahkan bahwa nilai yang diberikan adalah integer. Gunakan [`MaxValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MaxValueValidator) dan [`MinValueValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.MinValueValidator) jika `max_value` dan `min_value` disediakan. Awalan dan pengekangan ruang putih diijinkan, seeprti dalam fungsi `int()` Python.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `max_value`, `min_value`
The `max_value` and `min_value` error messages may contain
`%(limit_value)s`, which will be substituted by the appropriate limit.
Mengambil dua argumen pilihan untuk pengesahan:
#### `max_value`
#### `min_value`
Ini mengendalikan jangkauan nilai yang diizinkan di bidang.
### `JSONField`
#### `class JSONField(encoder=None, decoder=None, **kwargs)`
> **New in Django 3.1**
A field which accepts JSON encoded data for a
[`JSONField`](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.JSONField).
- Default widget: [`Textarea`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Textarea)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalizes to: A Python representation of the JSON value (usually as a
`dict`, `list`, or `None`), depending on [`JSONField.decoder`](#django.forms.JSONField.decoder).
- Validates that the given value is a valid JSON.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil dua argumen pilihan:
#### `encoder`
A [`json.JSONEncoder`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.JSONEncoder) subclass to serialize data types not
supported by the standard JSON serializer (e.g. `datetime.datetime`
or [`UUID`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html#uuid.UUID)). For example, you can use the
[`DjangoJSONEncoder`](/id/3.1/topics/serialization/#django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder) class.
Defaults to `json.JSONEncoder`.
#### `decoder`
A [`json.JSONDecoder`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.JSONDecoder) subclass to deserialize the input. Your
deserialization may need to account for the fact that you can't be
certain of the input type. For example, you run the risk of returning a
`datetime` that was actually a string that just happened to be in the
same format chosen for `datetime`s.
The `decoder` can be used to validate the input. If
[`json.JSONDecodeError`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.JSONDecodeError) is raised during the deserialization,
a `ValidationError` will be raised.
Defaults to `json.JSONDecoder`.
> **Note**
>
> If you use a [`ModelForm`](/id/3.1/topics/forms/modelforms/#django.forms.ModelForm), the
> `encoder` and `decoder` from [`JSONField`](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.JSONField)
> will be used.
> **Formulir ramah**
>
> `JSONField` is not particularly user friendly in most cases. However,
> it is a useful way to format data from a client-side widget for
> submission to the server.
### `GenericIPAddressField`
#### `class GenericIPAddressField(**kwargs)`
Bidang mengandung antara alamat IPv4 atau IPv6.
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: `''` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Dinormalkan ke: String. Alamat IPv6 dinormalkan seperti digambarkan dibawah.
- Mensahkan bahwa nilai yang diberikan adalah alamat IP sah.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Normalisasi alamat IPv6 mengikuti [**RFC 4291 Section 2.2**](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291.html#section-2.2) bagian 2.2, termasuk menggunakan bentuk IPv4 disarankan dalam paragraf 3 dari bagian itu, seperti `::ffff:192.0.2.0`. Sebagai contoh, `2001:0::0:01` akan dinormalkan menjadi `2001::1`, dan `::ffff:0a0a:0a0a` menjadi `::ffff:10.10.10.10`. Semau karakter dirubah menjadi huruf kecil.
Mengambil dua argumen pilihan:
#### `protocol`
Membatasi masukan sah pada protokol tertentu. Nilai-nilai diterima adalah `both` (default), `IPv4` atau `IPv6`. Cocok adalah kasus tidak peka.
#### `unpack_ipv4`
Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like `::ffff:192.0.2.1`.
If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to
`192.0.2.1`. Default is disabled. Can only be used
when `protocol` is set to `'both'`.
### `MultipleChoiceField`
#### `class MultipleChoiceField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`SelectMultiple`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.SelectMultiple)
- Nilai kosong: `[]` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah list dari string.
- Mensahkan bahwa nilai di daftar yang diberikan dari nilai yang ada di daftar pilihan.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `invalid_list`
The `invalid_choice` error message may contain `%(value)s`, which will be
replaced with the selected choice.
Mengambil satu tambahan argumen wajib, `choices`, tentang [`ChoiceField`](#django.forms.ChoiceField).
### `TypedMultipleChoiceField`
#### `class TypedMultipleChoiceField(**kwargs)`
Sama seperti [`MultipleChoiceField`](#django.forms.MultipleChoiceField), kecuali [`TypedMultipleChoiceField`](#django.forms.TypedMultipleChoiceField) mengambil dua argumen tambahan, `coerce` dan `empty_value`.
- Widget awal: [`SelectMultiple`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.SelectMultiple)
- Nilai kosong: Apapun anda telah berikan sebagai `empty_value`.
- Normalizes to: A list of values of the type provided by the `coerce`
argument.
- Validates that the given values exists in the list of choices and can be
coerced.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid_choice`
The `invalid_choice` error message may contain `%(value)s`, which will be
replaced with the selected choice.
Takes two extra arguments, `coerce` and `empty_value`, as for
[`TypedChoiceField`](#django.forms.TypedChoiceField).
### `NullBooleanField`
#### `class NullBooleanField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: :class:`` `TypedMultipleChoiceField` ``
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalizes to: A Python `True`, `False` or `None` value.
- Validates nothing (i.e., it never raises a `ValidationError`).
`NullBooleanField` may be used with widgets such as
[`Select`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Select) or [`RadioSelect`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.RadioSelect)
by providing the widget `choices`:
```
NullBooleanField(
widget=Select(
choices=[
('', 'Unknown'),
(True, 'Yes'),
(False, 'No'),
]
)
)
```
### `RegexField`
#### `class RegexField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Empty value: Whatever you've given as `empty_value`.
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Uses [`RegexValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.RegexValidator) to validate that
the given value matches a certain regular expression.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil satu argumen diwajibkan:
#### `regex`
A regular expression specified either as a string or a compiled regular
expression object.
Also takes `max_length`, `min_length`, `strip`, and `empty_value`
which work just as they do for [`CharField`](#django.forms.CharField).
#### `strip`
Defaults to `False`. If enabled, stripping will be applied before the
regex validation.
### `SlugField`
#### `class SlugField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: Apapun anda telah berikan sebagai [`empty_value`](#django.forms.SlugField.empty_value).
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Menggunakan [`validate_slug`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.validate_slug) atau [`validate_unicode_slug`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.validate_unicode_slug) untuk mensahkan bahwa nilai yang diberikan mengandung hanya huruf, angka, garis bawah dan penghubung.
- Pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`.
Bidang ini dimaksudkan untuk digunakan dalam mewakilkan model [`SlugField`](/id/3.1/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.SlugField) di formulir.
Takes two optional parameters:
#### `allow_unicode`
A boolean instructing the field to accept Unicode letters in addition
to ASCII letters. Defaults to `False`.
#### `empty_value`
NIlai digunakan untuk mewakilkan "empty". Awalan pada string kosong.
### `TimeField`
#### `class TimeField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TimeInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TimeInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah obyek `datetime.time` Python.
- Validates that the given value is either a `datetime.time` or string
formatted in a particular time format.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil satu argumen pilihan:
#### `input_formats`
A list of formats used to attempt to convert a string to a valid
`datetime.time` object.
If no `input_formats` argument is provided, the default input formats are
taken from [`TIME_INPUT_FORMATS`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-TIME_INPUT_FORMATS) if [`USE_L10N`](/id/3.1/ref/settings/#std-setting-USE_L10N) is
`False`, or from the active locale format `TIME_INPUT_FORMATS` key if
localization is enabled. See also [format localization](/id/3.1/topics/i18n/formatting/).
### `URLField`
#### `class URLField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`URLInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.URLInput)
- Empty value: Whatever you've given as `empty_value`.
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Uses [`URLValidator`](/id/3.1/ref/validators/#django.core.validators.URLValidator) to validate that the
given value is a valid URL.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Has three optional arguments `max_length`, `min_length`, and
`empty_value` which work just as they do for [`CharField`](#django.forms.CharField).
### `UUIDField`
#### `class UUIDField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah obyek class:~python:uuid.UUID.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
This field will accept any string format accepted as the `hex` argument
to the [`UUID`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html#uuid.UUID) constructor.
## Slightly complex built-in `Field` classes
### `ComboField`
#### `class ComboField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: `''` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah string.
- Validates the given value against each of the fields specified
as an argument to the `ComboField`.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`
Mengambil satu argumen tambahan diwajibkan:
#### `fields`
The list of fields that should be used to validate the field's value (in
the order in which they are provided).
```
>>> from django.forms import ComboField
>>> f = ComboField(fields=[CharField(max_length=20), EmailField()])
>>> f.clean('test@example.com')
'test@example.com'
>>> f.clean('longemailaddress@example.com')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: ['Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).']
```
### `MultiValueField`
#### `class MultiValueField(fields=(), **kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput)
- Nilai kosong: `''` (sebuah deretan karakter kosong)
- Normalizes to: the type returned by the `compress` method of the subclass.
- Validates the given value against each of the fields specified
as an argument to the `MultiValueField`.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `incomplete`
Aggregates the logic of multiple fields that together produce a single
value.
This field is abstract and must be subclassed. In contrast with the
single-value fields, subclasses of [`MultiValueField`](#django.forms.MultiValueField) must not
implement [`clean()`](#django.forms.Field.clean) but instead - implement
[`compress()`](#django.forms.MultiValueField.compress).
Mengambil satu argumen tambahan diwajibkan:
#### `fields`
A tuple of fields whose values are cleaned and subsequently combined
into a single value. Each value of the field is cleaned by the
corresponding field in `fields` -- the first value is cleaned by the
first field, the second value is cleaned by the second field, etc.
Once all fields are cleaned, the list of clean values is combined into
a single value by [`compress()`](#django.forms.MultiValueField.compress).
Juga ambil beberapa argumen pilihan:
#### `require_all_fields`
Defaults to `True`, in which case a `required` validation error
will be raised if no value is supplied for any field.
When set to `False`, the [`Field.required`](#django.forms.Field.required) attribute can be set
to `False` for individual fields to make them optional. If no value
is supplied for a required field, an `incomplete` validation error
will be raised.
A default `incomplete` error message can be defined on the
[`MultiValueField`](#django.forms.MultiValueField) subclass, or different messages can be defined
on each individual field. For example:
```
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class PhoneField(MultiValueField):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
# Define one message for all fields.
error_messages = {
'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.',
}
# Or define a different message for each field.
fields = (
CharField(
error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'},
validators=[
RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'),
],
),
CharField(
error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'},
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')],
),
CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')],
required=False,
),
)
super().__init__(
error_messages=error_messages, fields=fields,
require_all_fields=False, **kwargs
)
```
#### `widget`
Must be a subclass of [`django.forms.MultiWidget`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.MultiWidget).
Default value is [`TextInput`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.TextInput), which
probably is not very useful in this case.
#### `compress(data_list)`
Takes a list of valid values and returns a "compressed" version of
those values -- in a single value. For example,
[`SplitDateTimeField`](#django.forms.SplitDateTimeField) is a subclass which combines a time field
and a date field into a `datetime` object.
Cara ini harus diterapkan di subkelas.
### `SplitDateTimeField`
#### `class SplitDateTimeField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awal: [`SplitDateTimeWidget`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.SplitDateTimeWidget)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasikan menjadi: Sebuah obyek `datetime.datetime` Python.
- Mensahkan bahwa nilai yang diberikan adalah berbentuk `datetime.datetime` atau string dalam bentuk datetime khusus.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid`, `invalid_date`, `invalid_time`
Mengambil dua argumen pilihan:
#### `input_date_formats`
Sebuah daftar dari bentuk untuk berusaha merubah sebuah string menjadi obyek `datetime.date` sah.
If no `input_date_formats` argument is provided, the default input formats
for [`DateField`](#django.forms.DateField) are used.
#### `input_time_formats`
A list of formats used to attempt to convert a string to a valid
`datetime.time` object.
Jika tidak ada argumen `input_time_formats` disediakan, bentuk masukan awalan untuk [`TimeField`](#django.forms.TimeField) adalah yang digunakan.
## Bidang-bidang yang menangani hubungan
Two fields are available for representing relationships between
models: [`ModelChoiceField`](#django.forms.ModelChoiceField) and
[`ModelMultipleChoiceField`](#django.forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField). Both of these fields require a
single `queryset` parameter that is used to create the choices for
the field. Upon form validation, these fields will place either one
model object (in the case of `ModelChoiceField`) or multiple model
objects (in the case of `ModelMultipleChoiceField`) into the
`cleaned_data` dictionary of the form.
Untuk penggunaan lebih rumit, anda dapat menentukan `queryset=None` ketika menyatakan bidang formulir dan kemudian mengumpulkan `queryset` dalam metode `__init__()` formulir:
```
class FooMultipleChoiceForm(forms.Form):
foo_select = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=None)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.fields['foo_select'].queryset = ...
```
Both `ModelChoiceField` and `ModelMultipleChoiceField` have an `iterator`
attribute which specifies the class used to iterate over the queryset when
generating choices. See [Iterating relationship choices](#iterating-relationship-choices) for details.
### `ModelChoiceField`
#### `class ModelChoiceField(**kwargs)`
- Widget awalan: [`Select`](/id/3.1/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Select)
- Nilai kosong: `None`
- Normalisasi menjadi: Sebuah instance model.
- Mensahkan dimana id diberikan ada dalam queryset.
- Kunci pesan kesalahan: `required`, `invalid_choice`
Mengizinkan pemilihan dari obyek model tunggal, cocok untuk mewakili sebuah foreign-key. Catat bahwa widget awalan untuk `ModelChoiceField` menjadi tidak praktis ketika angka dari masukan meningkat. Anda harus menghindari menggunakan itu untuk lebih dari 100 barang.
Argumen tunggal dibutuhkan:
#### `queryset`
Sebuah `QuerySet` obyek model dimana pilihan untuk bidang adalah diturunkan dan dimana digunakan untuk mensahkan pemilihan pengguna. Itu dinilai ketika formulir dibangun.
`ModelChoiceField` juga mengambil dua argumen pilihan:
#### `empty_label`
By default the `