--- title: "Menserialkan obyek-obyek Django" version: 3.0 locale: id source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/id/3.0/topics/serialization/ canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/id/3.0/topics/serialization/ --- # Menserialkan obyek-obyek Django Django's serialization framework provides a mechanism for "translating" Django models into other formats. Usually these other formats will be text-based and used for sending Django data over a wire, but it's possible for a serializer to handle any format (text-based or not). > **See also** > > Jika anda hanya ingin mendapatkan beberapa data dari tabel-tabel anda kedalam bentuk terserial, anda dapat menggunakan perintah pengelolaan [`dumpdata`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-dumpdata). ## Menserialkan data At the highest level, you can serialize data like this: ``` from django.core import serializers data = serializers.serialize("xml", SomeModel.objects.all()) ``` The arguments to the `serialize` function are the format to serialize the data to (see [Serialization formats](#id2)) and a [`QuerySet`](/id/3.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) to serialize. (Actually, the second argument can be any iterator that yields Django model instances, but it'll almost always be a QuerySet). #### `django.core.serializers.get_serializer(format)` Anda dapat juga menserialkan obyek langsung: ``` XMLSerializer = serializers.get_serializer("xml") xml_serializer = XMLSerializer() xml_serializer.serialize(queryset) data = xml_serializer.getvalue() ``` Ini sangat berguna jika anda ingin menserialkan data langsung ke obyek seperti-berkas (yang menyertakan sebuah [`HttpResponse`](/id/3.0/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpResponse)): ``` with open("file.xml", "w") as out: xml_serializer.serialize(SomeModel.objects.all(), stream=out) ``` > **Note** > > Memanggil [`get_serializer()`](#django.core.serializers.get_serializer) dengan format 1 yang tidak diketahui akan memunculkan pengecualian `django.core.serializers.SerializerDoesNotExist`. ### Subkumpulan dari bidang-bidang Jika anda hanya ingin subkumpulan dari bidang-bidang untuk diserialkan, anda dapat menentukan argumen `fields` pada penserial: ``` from django.core import serializers data = serializers.serialize('xml', SomeModel.objects.all(), fields=('name','size')) ``` In this example, only the `name` and `size` attributes of each model will be serialized. The primary key is always serialized as the `pk` element in the resulting output; it never appears in the `fields` part. > **Note** > > Depending on your model, you may find that it is not possible to > deserialize a model that only serializes a subset of its fields. If a > serialized object doesn't specify all the fields that are required by a > model, the deserializer will not be able to save deserialized instances. ### Model yang diwarisi If you have a model that is defined using an [abstract base class](/id/3.0/topics/db/models/#abstract-base-classes), you don't have to do anything special to serialize that model. Call the serializer on the object (or objects) that you want to serialize, and the output will be a complete representation of the serialized object. However, if you have a model that uses [multi-table inheritance](/id/3.0/topics/db/models/#multi-table-inheritance), you also need to serialize all of the base classes for the model. This is because only the fields that are locally defined on the model will be serialized. For example, consider the following models: ``` class Place(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Restaurant(Place): serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField(default=False) ``` Jika anda hanya menserialkan model Restaurant: ``` data = serializers.serialize('xml', Restaurant.objects.all()) ``` the fields on the serialized output will only contain the `serves_hot_dogs` attribute. The `name` attribute of the base class will be ignored. In order to fully serialize your `Restaurant` instances, you will need to serialize the `Place` models as well: ``` all_objects = [*Restaurant.objects.all(), *Place.objects.all()] data = serializers.serialize('xml', all_objects) ``` ## Deserialisasi data Deserializing data is very similar to serializing it: ``` for obj in serializers.deserialize("xml", data): do_something_with(obj) ``` Seperti anda dapat lihat, fungsi `deserialize` mengambil bentuk argumen sala seperti `serialize`, sebuah string atau aliran data, dan mengembalikan sebuah perulangan. However, here it gets slightly complicated. The objects returned by the `deserialize` iterator *aren't* regular Django objects. Instead, they are special `DeserializedObject` instances that wrap a created -- but unsaved -- object and any associated relationship data. Memanggil `DeserializedObject.save()` menyimpan obyek ke basisdata. > **Note** > > If the `pk` attribute in the serialized data doesn't exist or is > null, a new instance will be saved to the database. This ensures that deserializing is a non-destructive operation even if the data in your serialized representation doesn't match what's currently in the database. Usually, working with these `DeserializedObject` instances looks something like: ``` for deserialized_object in serializers.deserialize("xml", data): if object_should_be_saved(deserialized_object): deserialized_object.save() ``` In other words, the usual use is to examine the deserialized objects to make sure that they are "appropriate" for saving before doing so. Of course, if you trust your data source you can instead save the object directly and move on. The Django object itself can be inspected as `deserialized_object.object`. If fields in the serialized data do not exist on a model, a `DeserializationError` will be raised unless the `ignorenonexistent` argument is passed in as `True`: ``` serializers.deserialize("xml", data, ignorenonexistent=True) ``` ## Bentuk-bentuk serialisasi Django mendukung sejumlah bentuk serialisasi, beberapa yang membutuhkan anda memasang modul Python pihak-ketiga: | Penciri | Informasi | | --- | --- | | `xml` | Menserialisasikan ke dan dari logat XML sederhana. | | `json` | Menserialisasikan ke dan dari [JSON](https://json.org/). | | `yaml` | Menserialisasikan ke YAML (YAML Ain't a Markup Language). Penserial ini hanya tersedia jika [PyYAML](https://pyyaml.org/) terpasang. | ### XML The basic XML serialization format looks like this: ``` 2013-01-16T08:16:59.844560+00:00 ``` The whole collection of objects that is either serialized or deserialized is represented by a ``-tag which contains multiple ``-elements. Each such object has two attributes: "pk" and "model", the latter being represented by the name of the app ("sessions") and the lowercase name of the model ("session") separated by a dot. Each field of the object is serialized as a ``-element sporting the fields "type" and "name". The text content of the element represents the value that should be stored. Foreign key dan bidang-bidang penghubung lain diperlakukan sedikit berbeda: ``` 9 ``` In this example we specify that the `auth.Permission` object with the PK 27 has a foreign key to the `contenttypes.ContentType` instance with the PK 9. ManyToMany-relations are exported for the model that binds them. For instance, the `auth.User` model has such a relation to the `auth.Permission` model: ``` ``` Contoh tautan ini memberikan pengguna dengan model perizinan dengan PK 46 dan 47. > **Karakter kendali** > > If the content to be serialized contains control characters that are not > accepted in the XML 1.0 standard, the serialization will fail with a > [`ValueError`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#ValueError) exception. Read also the W3C's explanation of [HTML, > XHTML, XML and Control Codes](https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-controls). ### JSON When staying with the same example data as before it would be serialized as JSON in the following way: ``` [ { "pk": "4b678b301dfd8a4e0dad910de3ae245b", "model": "sessions.session", "fields": { "expire_date": "2013-01-16T08:16:59.844Z", ... } } ] ``` The formatting here is a bit simpler than with XML. The whole collection is just represented as an array and the objects are represented by JSON objects with three properties: "pk", "model" and "fields". "fields" is again an object containing each field's name and value as property and property-value respectively. Foreign keys have the PK of the linked object as property value. ManyToMany-relations are serialized for the model that defines them and are represented as a list of PKs. Be aware that not all Django output can be passed unmodified to [`json`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#module-json). For example, if you have some custom type in an object to be serialized, you'll have to write a custom [`json`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#module-json) encoder for it. Something like this will work: ``` from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder class LazyEncoder(DjangoJSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, YourCustomType): return str(obj) return super().default(obj) ``` Anda kemudian dapat melewatkan `cls=LazyEncoder` ke fungsi `serializers.serialize()`: ``` from django.core.serializers import serialize serialize('json', SomeModel.objects.all(), cls=LazyEncoder) ``` Juga catat bahwa GeoDjango menyediakan sebuah customized GeoJSON serializer 1. #### `DjangoJSONEncoder` #### `class django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder` The JSON serializer uses `DjangoJSONEncoder` for encoding. A subclass of [`JSONEncoder`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.JSONEncoder), it handles these additional types: **[`datetime`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime)** Sebuah string dari bentuk `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ` atau `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sss+HH:MM` seeprti ditentukan dalam [ECMA-262](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15). **[`date`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.date)** Sebuah string dari bentuk YYYY-MM-DD\` seperti ditentukan dalam [ECMA-262](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15). **[`time`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.time)** Sebuah string dari bentuk `HH:MM:ss.sss` seperti ditentukan dalam [ECMA-262](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15). **[`timedelta`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta)** A string representing a duration as defined in ISO-8601. For example, `timedelta(days=1, hours=2, seconds=3.4)` is represented as `'P1DT02H00M03.400000S'`. **[`Decimal`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/decimal.html#decimal.Decimal), `Promise` (obyek `django.utils.functional.lazy()`), [`UUID`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html#uuid.UUID)** Sebuah string perwakilan dari obyek. ### YAML YAML serialization looks quite similar to JSON. The object list is serialized as a sequence mappings with the keys "pk", "model" and "fields". Each field is again a mapping with the key being name of the field and the value the value: ``` - fields: {expire_date: !!timestamp '2013-01-16 08:16:59.844560+00:00'} model: sessions.session pk: 4b678b301dfd8a4e0dad910de3ae245b ``` Referential fields are again represented by the PK or sequence of PKs. ## Kunci alami The default serialization strategy for foreign keys and many-to-many relations is to serialize the value of the primary key(s) of the objects in the relation. This strategy works well for most objects, but it can cause difficulty in some circumstances. Consider the case of a list of objects that have a foreign key referencing [`ContentType`](/id/3.0/ref/contrib/contenttypes/#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType). If you're going to serialize an object that refers to a content type, then you need to have a way to refer to that content type to begin with. Since `ContentType` objects are automatically created by Django during the database synchronization process, the primary key of a given content type isn't easy to predict; it will depend on how and when [`migrate`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-migrate) was executed. This is true for all models which automatically generate objects, notably including [`Permission`](/id/3.0/ref/contrib/auth/#django.contrib.auth.models.Permission), [`Group`](/id/3.0/ref/contrib/auth/#django.contrib.auth.models.Group), and [`User`](/id/3.0/ref/contrib/auth/#django.contrib.auth.models.User). > **Warning** > > You should never include automatically generated objects in a fixture or > other serialized data. By chance, the primary keys in the fixture > may match those in the database and loading the fixture will > have no effect. In the more likely case that they don't match, the fixture > loading will fail with an [`IntegrityError`](/id/3.0/ref/exceptions/#django.db.IntegrityError). There is also the matter of convenience. An integer id isn't always the most convenient way to refer to an object; sometimes, a more natural reference would be helpful. It is for these reasons that Django provides *natural keys*. A natural key is a tuple of values that can be used to uniquely identify an object instance without using the primary key value. ### Deserialisasi dari kunci-kunci alami Pertimbangkan dua model berikut: ``` from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) birthdate = models.DateField() class Meta: unique_together = [['first_name', 'last_name']] class Book(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) author = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) ``` Ordinarily, serialized data for `Book` would use an integer to refer to the author. For example, in JSON, a Book might be serialized as: ``` ... { "pk": 1, "model": "store.book", "fields": { "name": "Mostly Harmless", "author": 42 } } ... ``` This isn't a particularly natural way to refer to an author. It requires that you know the primary key value for the author; it also requires that this primary key value is stable and predictable. However, if we add natural key handling to Person, the fixture becomes much more humane. To add natural key handling, you define a default Manager for Person with a `get_by_natural_key()` method. In the case of a Person, a good natural key might be the pair of first and last name: ``` from django.db import models class PersonManager(models.Manager): def get_by_natural_key(self, first_name, last_name): return self.get(first_name=first_name, last_name=last_name) class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) birthdate = models.DateField() objects = PersonManager() class Meta: unique_together = [['first_name', 'last_name']] ``` Sekarang buku dapat menggunakan kunci alami untuk mengacu pada obyek `Person`: ``` ... { "pk": 1, "model": "store.book", "fields": { "name": "Mostly Harmless", "author": ["Douglas", "Adams"] } } ... ``` When you try to load this serialized data, Django will use the `get_by_natural_key()` method to resolve `["Douglas", "Adams"]` into the primary key of an actual `Person` object. > **Note** > > Whatever fields you use for a natural key must be able to uniquely > identify an object. This will usually mean that your model will > have a uniqueness clause (either unique=True on a single field, or > `unique_together` over multiple fields) for the field or fields > in your natural key. However, uniqueness doesn't need to be > enforced at the database level. If you are certain that a set of > fields will be effectively unique, you can still use those fields > as a natural key. Deserialization of objects with no primary key will always check whether the model's manager has a `get_by_natural_key()` method and if so, use it to populate the deserialized object's primary key. ### Serialisasi dari kunci-kunci alami So how do you get Django to emit a natural key when serializing an object? Firstly, you need to add another method -- this time to the model itself: ``` class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=100) birthdate = models.DateField() objects = PersonManager() class Meta: unique_together = [['first_name', 'last_name']] def natural_key(self): return (self.first_name, self.last_name) ``` That method should always return a natural key tuple -- in this example, `(first name, last name)`. Then, when you call `serializers.serialize()`, you provide `use_natural_foreign_keys=True` or `use_natural_primary_keys=True` arguments: ``` >>> serializers.serialize('json', [book1, book2], indent=2, ... use_natural_foreign_keys=True, use_natural_primary_keys=True) ``` When `use_natural_foreign_keys=True` is specified, Django will use the `natural_key()` method to serialize any foreign key reference to objects of the type that defines the method. When `use_natural_primary_keys=True` is specified, Django will not provide the primary key in the serialized data of this object since it can be calculated during deserialization: ``` ... { "model": "store.person", "fields": { "first_name": "Douglas", "last_name": "Adams", "birth_date": "1952-03-11", } } ... ``` This can be useful when you need to load serialized data into an existing database and you cannot guarantee that the serialized primary key value is not already in use, and do not need to ensure that deserialized objects retain the same primary keys. If you are using [`dumpdata`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-dumpdata) to generate serialized data, use the [`dumpdata --natural-foreign`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#cmdoption-dumpdata-natural-foreign) and [`dumpdata --natural-primary`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#cmdoption-dumpdata-natural-primary) command line flags to generate natural keys. > **Note** > > You don't need to define both `natural_key()` and > `get_by_natural_key()`. If you don't want Django to output > natural keys during serialization, but you want to retain the > ability to load natural keys, then you can opt to not implement > the `natural_key()` method. > > Conversely, if (for some strange reason) you want Django to output > natural keys during serialization, but *not* be able to load those > key values, just don't define the `get_by_natural_key()` method. ### Natural keys and forward references > **New in Django 2.2** Sometimes when you use [natural foreign keys](#topics-serialization-natural-keys) you'll need to deserialize data where an object has a foreign key referencing another object that hasn't yet been deserialized. This is called a "forward reference". For instance, suppose you have the following objects in your fixture: ``` ... { "model": "store.book", "fields": { "name": "Mostly Harmless", "author": ["Douglas", "Adams"] } }, ... { "model": "store.person", "fields": { "first_name": "Douglas", "last_name": "Adams" } }, ... ``` In order to handle this situation, you need to pass `handle_forward_references=True` to `serializers.deserialize()`. This will set the `deferred_fields` attribute on the `DeserializedObject` instances. You'll need to keep track of `DeserializedObject` instances where this attribute isn't `None` and later call `save_deferred_fields()` on them. Typical usage looks like this: ``` objs_with_deferred_fields = [] for obj in serializers.deserialize('xml', data, handle_forward_references=True): obj.save() if obj.deferred_fields is not None: objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj) for obj in objs_with_deferred_fields: obj.save_deferred_fields() ``` For this to work, the `ForeignKey` on the referencing model must have `null=True`. ### Ketergantungan selama serialisasi It's often possible to avoid explicitly having to handle forward references by taking care with the ordering of objects within a fixture. To help with this, calls to [`dumpdata`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-dumpdata) that use the [`dumpdata --natural-foreign`](/id/3.0/ref/django-admin/#cmdoption-dumpdata-natural-foreign) option will serialize any model with a `natural_key()` method before serializing standard primary key objects. However, this may not always be enough. If your natural key refers to another object (by using a foreign key or natural key to another object as part of a natural key), then you need to be able to ensure that the objects on which a natural key depends occur in the serialized data before the natural key requires them. To control this ordering, you can define dependencies on your `natural_key()` methods. You do this by setting a `dependencies` attribute on the `natural_key()` method itself. For example, let's add a natural key to the `Book` model from the example above: ``` class Book(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) author = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) def natural_key(self): return (self.name,) + self.author.natural_key() ``` The natural key for a `Book` is a combination of its name and its author. This means that `Person` must be serialized before `Book`. To define this dependency, we add one extra line: ``` def natural_key(self): return (self.name,) + self.author.natural_key() natural_key.dependencies = ['example_app.person'] ``` This definition ensures that all `Person` objects are serialized before any `Book` objects. In turn, any object referencing `Book` will be serialized after both `Person` and `Book` have been serialized.