---
title: "Hubungan banyak-ke-banyak"
version: 3.0
locale: id
source: https://docs.djangoproject.com/id/3.0/topics/db/examples/many_to_many/
canonical: https://djangodocs.dev/id/3.0/topics/db/examples/many_to_many/
---
# Hubungan banyak-ke-banyak

Untuk menentukan hubungan many-to-many, gunakan [`ManyToManyField`](/id/3.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ManyToManyField).

Dalam contoh ini, sebuah `Article` dapat diterbitkan dalam banyak obyek `Publication`, dan sebuah `Publication` mempunyai banyak obyek `Article`:

```python
from django.db import models

class Publication(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['title']

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['headline']

    def __str__(self):
        return self.headline
```

Apa yang mengikuti adalah contoh-contoh dari tindakan yang dapat dilakukan menggunakan fasilitas API Python.

Buat sedikit `Publications`:

```pycon
>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Publication(title='Science News')
>>> p2.save()
>>> p3 = Publication(title='Science Weekly')
>>> p3.save()
```

Buat sebuah `Artikel`:

```pycon
>>> a1 = Article(headline='Django lets you build Web apps easily')
```

Anda tidak dapat mengkaitkan itu dengan `Publication` sampai itu telah disimpan:

```pycon
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: "<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>" needs to have a value for field "id" before this many-to-many relationship can be used.
```

Simpan itu!

```pycon
>>> a1.save()
```

Kaitkan `Article` dengan `Publication`:

```pycon
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
```

Buat `Article` baru, dan setel itu untuk memunculkan dalam `Publications`:

```pycon
>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
```

Menambahkan waktu detik adalah OKE, itu tidak akan menggandakan hubungan:

```pycon
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
```

Menambahkan sebuah obyek dari jenis salah memunculkan [`TypeError`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#TypeError):

```pycon
>>> a2.publications.add(a1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Publication' instance expected
```

Buat dan tambah sebuah `Publication` pada sebuah `Article` di satu langkah menggunakan [`create()`](/id/3.0/ref/models/relations/#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.create):

```pycon
>>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title='Highlights for Children')
```

Obyek `Article` telah mengakses ke obyek `Publication` terhubung mereka:

```pycon
>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
```

Obyek `Publication` telah mengakses ke obyek `Article` terhubung mereka:

```pycon
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
```

Hubungan many-to-many dapat diminta menggunakan [lookups across relationships](/id/3.0/topics/db/queries/#lookups-that-span-relationships):

```pycon
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
```

Fungsi [`count()`](/id/3.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.count)  menghormati [`distinct()`](/id/3.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.distinct) juga:

```pycon
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count()
2

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count()
1

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1,p2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
```

Membalikkan permintaan m2m didukung (yaitu, dimulai pada tabel yang tidak mempunyai sebuah [`ManyToManyField`](/id/3.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ManyToManyField)):

```pycon
>>> Publication.objects.filter(id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA")
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1,a2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
```

Tidak termasuk barang terkait bekerja ketika anda akan mengharapkan, terlalu (meskipun SQL terlibat adalah sedikit rumit):

```pycon
>>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>
```

Jika kami menghapus `Publication`, `Articles` nya tidak akan dapat mengaksesnya:

```pycon
>>> p1.delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a1 = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
```

Jika kami menghapus sebuah `Article`, `Publications` nya tidak akan dapat mengakses itu:

```pycon
>>> a2.delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
```

Menambahkan melalui akhiran 'other' dari sebuah m2m:

```pycon
>>> a4 = Article(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Earth')
>>> a4.save()
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
```

Menambahkan melalui akhiran lain menggunakan kata kunci:

```pycon
>>> new_article = p2.article_set.create(headline='Oxygen-free diet works wonders')
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a5 = p2.article_set.all()[1]
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
```

Memindahkan `Publication` dari sebuah `Article`:

```pycon
>>> a4.publications.remove(p2)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
```

Dan dari akhiran lain:

```pycon
>>> p2.article_set.remove(a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
```

Kumpulan hbungan dapat disetel:

```pycon
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
>>> a4.publications.set([p3])
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science Weekly>]>
```

Kumpulan hubungan dapat dibersihkan:

```pycon
>>> p2.article_set.clear()
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
```

Dan anda dapat membersihkan dari akhiran lain:

```pycon
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4, a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a4.publications.clear()
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
```

Membuat kembali `Article` dan `Publication` kami telah hapus:

```pycon
>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
>>> p1.save()
>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2, p3)
```

Menghapus massal beberaoa `Publications` \- acuan pada untuk menghapus penerbitan harus pergi:

```pycon
>>> Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith='Science').delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
```

Menghapus massal beberapa artikel - acuan pada menghapus obyek harus pergi:

```pycon
>>> q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Django')
>>> print(q)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>
>>> q.delete()
```

Setelah [`delete()`](/id/3.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.delete), cache [`QuerySet`](/id/3.0/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet) butuh dibersihkan, obyek acuan harus hilang:

```pycon
>>> print(q)
<QuerySet []>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
```