{"title":"Hubungan banyak-ke-banyak","version":"2.1","locale":"id","docname":"topics/db/examples/many_to_many","url":"/id/2.1/topics/db/examples/many_to_many/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/id/2.1/topics/db/examples/many_to_many/","summary":"Untuk menentukan hubungan many-to-many, gunakan ManyToManyField.","html":"

Hubungan banyak-ke-banyakLink to this heading#

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Untuk menentukan hubungan many-to-many, gunakan ManyToManyField.

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Dalam contoh ini, sebuah Article dapat diterbitkan dalam banyak obyek Publication, dan sebuah Publication mempunyai banyak obyek Article:

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Python
from django.db import models\n\nclass Publication(models.Model):\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return self.title\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('title',)\n\nclass Article(models.Model):\n    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return self.headline\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('headline',)\n
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Berikut ini adalah contoh-contoh dari tindakan yang dapat dilakukan menggunakan fasilitas API Python. Catat bahwa jika anda sedang menggunakan an intermediate model untuk hubungan many-to-many, beberapa dari metode pengelola terkait ditiadakan, jadi beberapa dari contoh-contoh ini tidak akan bekerja dengan model-model seperti itu.

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Buat sedikit Publications:

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Python console
>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')\n>>> p1.save()\n>>> p2 = Publication(title='Science News')\n>>> p2.save()\n>>> p3 = Publication(title='Science Weekly')\n>>> p3.save()\n
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Buat sebuah Artikel:

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Python console
>>> a1 = Article(headline='Django lets you build Web apps easily')\n
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Anda tidak dapat mengkaitkan itu dengan Publication sampai itu telah disimpan:

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Python console
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n...\nValueError: 'Article' instance needs to have a primary key value before a many-to-many relationship can be used.\n
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Simpan itu!

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Python console
>>> a1.save()\n
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Kaitkan Article dengan Publication:

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Python console
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)\n
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Buat Article baru, dan setel itu untuk memunculkan dalam Publications:

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Python console
>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')\n>>> a2.save()\n>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)\n>>> a2.publications.add(p3)\n
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Menambahkan waktu detik adalah OKE, itu tidak akan menggandakan hubungan:

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Python console
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)\n
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Menambahkan sebuah obyek dari jenis salah memunculkan TypeError:

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Python console
>>> a2.publications.add(a1)\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n...\nTypeError: 'Publication' instance expected\n
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Buat dan tambah sebuah Publication pada sebuah Article di satu langkah menggunakan create():

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Python console
>>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title='Highlights for Children')\n
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Obyek Article telah mengakses ke obyek Publication terhubung mereka:

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Python console
>>> a1.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> a2.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n
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Obyek Publication telah mengakses ke obyek Article terhubung mereka:

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Python console
>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> p1.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n
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Hubungan many-to-many dapat diminta menggunakan lookups across relationships:

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Python console
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id=1)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n
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Fungsi count() menghormati distinct() juga:

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Python console
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count()\n2\n\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count()\n1\n\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1,2]).distinct()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1,p2]).distinct()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n
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Membalikkan permintaan m2m didukung (yaitu, dimulai pada tabel yang tidak mempunyai sebuah ManyToManyField):

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Python console
>>> Publication.objects.filter(id=1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA")\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id=1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1,2]).distinct()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1,a2]).distinct()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n
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Tidak termasuk barang terkait bekerja ketika anda akan mengharapkan, terlalu (meskipun SQL terlibat adalah sedikit rumit):

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Python console
>>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>\n
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Jika kami menghapus Publication, Articles nya tidak akan dapat mengaksesnya:

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Python console
>>> p1.delete()\n>>> Publication.objects.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>\n>>> a1 = Article.objects.get(pk=1)\n>>> a1.publications.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n
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Jika kami menghapus sebuah Article, Publications nya tidak akan dapat mengakses itu:

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Python console
>>> a2.delete()\n>>> Article.objects.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n
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Menambahkan melalui akhiran 'other' dari sebuah m2m:

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Python console
>>> a4 = Article(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Earth')\n>>> a4.save()\n>>> p2.article_set.add(a4)\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>]>\n>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>\n
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Menambahkan melalui akhiran lain menggunakan kata kunci:

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Python console
>>> new_article = p2.article_set.create(headline='Oxygen-free diet works wonders')\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>\n>>> a5 = p2.article_set.all()[1]\n>>> a5.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>\n
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Memindahkan Publication dari sebuah Article:

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Python console
>>> a4.publications.remove(p2)\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>\n>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n
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Dan dari akhiran lain:

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Python console
>>> p2.article_set.remove(a5)\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n>>> a5.publications.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n
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Kumpulan hbungan dapat disetel:

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Python console
>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>\n>>> a4.publications.set([p3])\n>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Science Weekly>]>\n
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Kumpulan hubungan dapat dibersihkan:

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Python console
>>> p2.article_set.clear()\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n
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Dan anda dapat membersihkan dari akhiran lain:

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Python console
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4, a5)\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>\n>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>\n>>> a4.publications.clear()\n>>> a4.publications.all()\n<QuerySet []>\n>>> p2.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>\n
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Membuat kembali Article dan Publication kami telah hapus:

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Python console
>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')\n>>> p1.save()\n>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')\n>>> a2.save()\n>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2, p3)\n
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Menghapus massal beberaoa Publications - acuan pada untuk menghapus penerbitan harus pergi:

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Python console
>>> Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith='Science').delete()\n>>> Publication.objects.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n>>> Article.objects.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>\n>>> a2.publications.all()\n<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>\n
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Menghapus massal beberapa artikel - acuan pada menghapus obyek harus pergi:

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Python console
>>> q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Django')\n>>> print(q)\n<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>\n>>> q.delete()\n
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Setelah delete(), cache QuerySet butuh dibersihkan, obyek acuan harus hilang:

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Python console
>>> print(q)\n<QuerySet []>\n>>> p1.article_set.all()\n<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>\n
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