{"title":"Feidhmeanna Sonraí","version":"6.0","locale":"ga","docname":"ref/models/database-functions","url":"/ga/6.0/ref/models/database-functions/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/ga/6.0/ref/models/database-functions/","summary":"The classes documented below provide a way for users to use functions provided by the underlying database as annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django.…","html":"

Feidhmeanna SonraíLink to this heading#

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The classes documented below provide a way for users to use functions provided\nby the underlying database as annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django.\nFunctions are also expressions, so they can be\nused and combined with other expressions like aggregate functions. See the Func documentation\nfor security considerations.

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Beidh muid ag úsáid an tsamhail seo a leanas i samplaí de gach feidhm:

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Code
class Author(models.Model):\n    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n    age = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)\n    alias = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)\n    goes_by = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)\n
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De ghnáth ní mholaimid Null=True a cheadú do Charfield ós rud é go gceadaíonn sé seo dhá “luach folamh” a bheith ag an réimse, ach tá sé tábhachtach don sampla Coalesce thíos.

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Feidhmeanna comparáide agus tiontaiLink to this heading#

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CastLink to this heading#

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\nclass Cast(expression, output_field)Link to this definition#
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Cuireann iallach ar an gcineál torthaí expression mar an ceann ó output_field.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cast\n>>> Author.objects.create(age=25, name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(\n...     age_as_float=Cast("age", output_field=FloatField()),\n... ).get()\n>>> print(author.age_as_float)\n25.0\n
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CoalesceLink to this heading#

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\nclass Coalesce(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Glacann sé le liosta de dhá ainm nó abairt réimse ar a laghad agus tugann sé an chéad luach neamh-niall ar ais (tabhair faoi deara nach meastar gur luach neamh-mheas teaghrán folamh). Caithfidh gach argóint a bheith de chineál céanna, mar sin beidh earráid bunachar sonraí mar thoradh ar théacs agus uimhreacha a mheascadh.

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Samplaí úsáide:

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Python console
>>> # Get a screen name from least to most public\n>>> from django.db.models import Sum\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith", goes_by="Maggie")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(screen_name=Coalesce("alias", "goes_by", "name")).get()\n>>> print(author.screen_name)\nMaggie\n\n>>> # Prevent an aggregate Sum() from returning None\n>>> # The aggregate default argument uses Coalesce() under the hood.\n>>> aggregated = Author.objects.aggregate(\n...     combined_age=Sum("age"),\n...     combined_age_default=Sum("age", default=0),\n...     combined_age_coalesce=Coalesce(Sum("age"), 0),\n... )\n>>> print(aggregated["combined_age"])\nNone\n>>> print(aggregated["combined_age_default"])\n0\n>>> print(aggregated["combined_age_coalesce"])\n0\n
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CollateLink to this heading#

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\nclass Collate(expression, collation)Link to this definition#
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Tógann sé abairt agus ainm comhlánaithe le fiosrú ina choinne.

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Mar shampla, chun cás-neamhíogair a scagadh i SQLite:

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Python console
>>> Author.objects.filter(name=Collate(Value("john"), "nocase"))\n<QuerySet [<Author: John>, <Author: john>]>\n
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Is féidir é a úsáid freisin agus tú ag ordú, mar shampla le PostgreSQL:

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Python console
>>> Author.objects.order_by(Collate("name", "et-x-icu"))\n<QuerySet [<Author: Ursula>, <Author: Veronika>, <Author: Ülle>]>\n
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``An Mhór ``Link to this heading#

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\nclass Greatest(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Glacann sé le liosta de dhá ainm nó abairt réimse ar a laghad agus tugann sé an luach is mó ar ais. Caithfidh gach argóint a bheith de chineál céanna, mar sin beidh earráid bunachar sonraí mar thoradh ar théacs agus uimhreacha a mheascadh.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Code
class Blog(models.Model):\n    body = models.TextField()\n    modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)\n\n\nclass Comment(models.Model):\n    body = models.TextField()\n    modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)\n    blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n
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Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Greatest\n>>> blog = Blog.objects.create(body="Greatest is the best.")\n>>> comment = Comment.objects.create(body="No, Least is better.", blog=blog)\n>>> comments = Comment.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest("modified", "blog__modified"))\n>>> annotated_comment = comments.get()\n
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Beidh annotated_comment.last_updated an ceann is déanaí de blog.modified` agus comment.modified.

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Is LeasLink to this heading#

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\nclass Least(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Glacann sé le liosta de dhá ainm nó abairt réimse ar a laghad agus tugann sé an luach is lú ar ais. Caithfidh gach argóint a bheith de chineál céanna, mar sin beidh earráid bunachar sonraí mar thoradh ar théacs agus uimhreacha a mheascadh.

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NullifLink to this heading#

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\nclass NullIf(expression1, expression2)Link to this definition#
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Glacann sé le dhá abairt agus filleann sé None má tá siad comhionann, ar shlí eile filleann sé expression1.

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Feidhmeanna dátaLink to this heading#

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Beidh muid ag úsáid an tsamhail seo a leanas i samplaí de gach feidhm:

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Code
class Experiment(models.Model):\n    start_datetime = models.DateTimeField()\n    start_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)\n    start_time = models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)\n    end_datetime = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)\n    end_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)\n    end_time = models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)\n
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``Sliocht ``Link to this heading#

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\nclass Extract(expression, lookup_name=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Baineann comhpháirt de dháta mar uimhir.

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Glacann sé expression a léiríonn DateField, DateTimefield`, Timefield`, nó Durationfield agus lookup_name, agus filleann sé an chuid den dáta dá dtagraítear lookup_name mar limistéar. De ghnáth úsáideann Django feidhm sliocht na mbunachar sonraí, mar sin féadfaidh tú aon ``lookup_name a úsáid a thacaíonn do bhunachar sonraí. Is féidir fo-aicme tzinfo`, a sholáthraíonn u:mod: zoneinfo de ghnáth, a chur ar aghaidh chun luach a bhaint i gcrios ama ar leith.

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I bhfianaise an dáta 2015-06-15 23:30:01.000 321+ 00:00 ``, filleann an ``lookup_name ionsuite:

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Má tá crios ama difriúil mar Astráil/Melbourne gníomhach i Django, ansin déantar an dáta-am a thiontú go dtí an crios ama sula mbaintear an luach. Is é an fhritháireamh crios ama do Melbourne sa dáta sampla thuas ná + 10:00. Beidh na luachanna a chuirtear ar ais nuair a bhíonn an crios ama seo gníomhach mar an gcéanna agus thuas ach amháin:

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Tá fo-aicme comhfhreagrach `Extract (liostaithe thíos) ag gach lookup_name thuas ar chóir a úsáid de ghnáth in ionad an choibhéis níos fhíorúla, m.sh. bain úsáid as ``ExtractYear (...) ``seachas ``Extract (..., lookup_name = 'year') `.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import datetime\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Extract\n>>> start = datetime(2015, 6, 15)\n>>> end = datetime(2015, 7, 2)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(\n...     start_datetime=start, start_date=start.date(), end_datetime=end, end_date=end.date()\n... )\n>>> # Add the experiment start year as a field in the QuerySet.\n>>> experiment = Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     start_year=Extract("start_datetime", "year")\n... ).get()\n>>> experiment.start_year\n2015\n>>> # How many experiments completed in the same year in which they started?\n>>> Experiment.objects.filter(start_datetime__year=Extract("end_datetime", "year")).count()\n1\n
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Sleachta ``Datefield ``Link to this heading#

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\nclass ExtractYear(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'year'
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\nclass ExtractIsoYear(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Tugann an bhliain uimhrithe seachtaine ISO-8601 ar ais.

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\nlookup_name = 'iso_year'
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\nclass ExtractMonth(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'month'
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\nclass ExtractDay(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'day'
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\nclass ExtractWeekDay(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'week_day'
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\nclass ExtractIsoWeekDay(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Filleann sé lá na seachtaine ISO-8601 agus lá 1 é Luan agus lá 7 é Dé Domhnaigh.

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\nlookup_name = 'iso_week_day'
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\nclass ExtractWeek(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'week'
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\nclass ExtractQuarter(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'quarter'
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Tá siad seo coibhéiseach go loighciúil le Extract ('date_field', lookup_name) ``. Is é gach rang freisin ``Transform atá cláraithe ar DateField agus DateTimeField mar __ (lookup_name) ``, m.sh. ``__year.

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Ós rud é nach bhfuil comhpháirt ama ag Datefield, ní féidir ach fo-aicmí Extract ``a dhéileálann le dáta-chodanna a úsáid le ``Datefield:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import UTC, datetime\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import (\n...     ExtractDay,\n...     ExtractMonth,\n...     ExtractQuarter,\n...     ExtractWeek,\n...     ExtractIsoWeekDay,\n...     ExtractWeekDay,\n...     ExtractIsoYear,\n...     ExtractYear,\n... )\n>>> start_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 23, 30, 1, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> end_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 16, 13, 11, 27, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(\n...     start_datetime=start_2015,\n...     start_date=start_2015.date(),\n...     end_datetime=end_2015,\n...     end_date=end_2015.date(),\n... )\n>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     year=ExtractYear("start_date"),\n...     isoyear=ExtractIsoYear("start_date"),\n...     quarter=ExtractQuarter("start_date"),\n...     month=ExtractMonth("start_date"),\n...     week=ExtractWeek("start_date"),\n...     day=ExtractDay("start_date"),\n...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay("start_date"),\n...     isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_date"),\n... ).values(\n...     "year",\n...     "isoyear",\n...     "quarter",\n...     "month",\n...     "week",\n...     "day",\n...     "weekday",\n...     "isoweekday",\n... ).get(\n...     end_date__year=ExtractYear("start_date")\n... )\n{'year': 2015, 'isoyear': 2015, 'quarter': 2, 'month': 6, 'week': 25,\n 'day': 15, 'weekday': 2, 'isoweekday': 1}\n
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Sleachta DateTimefieldLink to this heading#

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Chomh maith leis an méid seo a leanas, féadfar gach sliocht do DateField ``atá liostaithe thuas a úsáid freisin ar ``DateTimefields.

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\nclass ExtractHour(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'hour'
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\nclass ExtractMinute(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'minute'
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\nclass ExtractSecond(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nlookup_name = 'second'
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Tá siad seo coibhéiseach go loighciúil le Extract ('datetime_field', lookup_name) ``. Is `Transform é gach rang freisin atá cláraithe ar DateTimeField mar __ (lookup_name) ``, m.sh. ``__minute.

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Samplaí DateTimeField:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import UTC, datetime\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import (\n...     ExtractDay,\n...     ExtractHour,\n...     ExtractMinute,\n...     ExtractMonth,\n...     ExtractQuarter,\n...     ExtractSecond,\n...     ExtractWeek,\n...     ExtractIsoWeekDay,\n...     ExtractWeekDay,\n...     ExtractIsoYear,\n...     ExtractYear,\n... )\n>>> start_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 23, 30, 1, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> end_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 16, 13, 11, 27, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(\n...     start_datetime=start_2015,\n...     start_date=start_2015.date(),\n...     end_datetime=end_2015,\n...     end_date=end_2015.date(),\n... )\n>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     year=ExtractYear("start_datetime"),\n...     isoyear=ExtractIsoYear("start_datetime"),\n...     quarter=ExtractQuarter("start_datetime"),\n...     month=ExtractMonth("start_datetime"),\n...     week=ExtractWeek("start_datetime"),\n...     day=ExtractDay("start_datetime"),\n...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime"),\n...     isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime"),\n...     hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime"),\n...     minute=ExtractMinute("start_datetime"),\n...     second=ExtractSecond("start_datetime"),\n... ).values(\n...     "year",\n...     "isoyear",\n...     "month",\n...     "week",\n...     "day",\n...     "weekday",\n...     "isoweekday",\n...     "hour",\n...     "minute",\n...     "second",\n... ).get(\n...     end_datetime__year=ExtractYear("start_datetime")\n... )\n{'year': 2015, 'isoyear': 2015, 'quarter': 2, 'month': 6, 'week': 25,\n 'day': 15, 'weekday': 2, 'isoweekday': 1, 'hour': 23, 'minute': 30,\n 'second': 1}\n
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Nuair: Setting: USE_TZ True ansin stóráiltear dáta-amanna sa bhunachar sonraí i UTC. Má tá crios ama difriúil gníomhach i Django, déantar an dáta-am a thiontú go dtí an crios ama sin sula mbaintear an luach. Athraíonn an sampla thíos go crios ama Melbourne (UTC + 10:00), a athraíonn na luachanna lae, lá na seachtaine agus na huaire a chuirtear ar ais:

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Python console
>>> from django.utils import timezone\n>>> import zoneinfo\n>>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Melbourne")  # UTC+10:00\n>>> with timezone.override(melb):\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...         day=ExtractDay("start_datetime"),\n...         weekday=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime"),\n...         isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime"),\n...         hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime"),\n...     ).values("day", "weekday", "isoweekday", "hour").get(\n...         end_datetime__year=ExtractYear("start_datetime"),\n...     )\n...\n{'day': 16, 'weekday': 3, 'isoweekday': 2, 'hour': 9}\n
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Iompraíonn an crios ama a chur go sainráite chuig an bhfeidhm Extract ar an mbealach céanna, agus tugann sé tosaíocht thar chrios ama gníomhach:

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Python console
>>> import zoneinfo\n>>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Melbourne")\n>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     day=ExtractDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n... ).values("day", "weekday", "isoweekday", "hour").get(\n...     end_datetime__year=ExtractYear("start_datetime"),\n... )\n{'day': 16, 'weekday': 3, 'isoweekday': 2, 'hour': 9}\n
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``Anois ``Link to this heading#

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\nclass NowLink to this definition#
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Filleann sé dáta agus am reatha an fhreastalaí bunachar sonraí nuair a chuirtear an ceist i bhfeidhm, de ghnáth ag baint úsáide as an SQL CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Now\n>>> Article.objects.filter(published__lte=Now())\n<QuerySet [<Article: How to Django>]>\n
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TruncLink to this heading#

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\nclass Trunc(expression, kind, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Déanann sé dáta a ghearradh suas go dtí comhpháirt shuntasach.

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Nuair nach bhfuil cúram ort ach má tharla rud éigin i mbliain, uair an chloig nó lá áirithe, ach ní an dara ceart, ansin is féidir le Trunc` (agus a fho-aicmí) a bheith úsáideach chun do chuid sonraí a scagadh nó a chomhiomlánú. Mar shampla, is féidir leat ``Trunc a úsáid chun líon na ndíolacháin in aghaidh an lae a ríomh.

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Glacann Trunc léirithe` amháin, a léiríonn DataField, Timefield`, nó DateTimeField, cine a léiríonn cuid dáta nó ama, agus output_field arb é DateTimeField (), TimeField () `, nó`` Timefield () , nó ``Timefield (), , `Timefield (), nó `“Dáta Field () ``. Tugann sé dáta-am, dáta nó am ar ais ag brath ar ``output_field, le réimsí suas le cineál socraithe dá luach íosta. Má fhágtar output_field, réamhshocróidh sé go output_field de expression`. Is féidir fo-aicme tzinfo`, a sholáthraíonn u:mod: zoneinfo de ghnáth, a chur ar aghaidh chun luach a ghearradh i gcrios ama ar leith.

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I bhfianaise an dáta 2015-06-15 14:30:50.000 321+ 00:00 ``, filleann an ``cine ionsuite:

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Má tá crios ama difriúil mar Astráil/Melbourne gníomhach i Django, ansin déantar an dáta-am a thiontú go dtí an crios ama nua sula ndéantar an luach a ghearradh. Is é an fhritháireamh crios ama do Melbourne sa dáta sampla thuas ná + 10:00. Is iad na luachanna a thugtar ar ais nuair a bheidh an crios ama seo gníomhach ná

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Tá fritháireamh + 11:00 ag an mbliain toisc gur aistrigh an toradh go dtí am sábhála solais an lae.

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Tá fo-aicme comhfhreagrach `Trunc (liostaithe thíos) ag gach cineál` thuas ar chóir a úsáid de ghnáth in ionad an choibhéis is eolaí, m.sh. bain úsáid as TruncYear (...) ``seachas ``Trunc (..., cine='bliain').

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Sainmhínítear na fo-aicmí go léir mar athruithe, ach níl siad cláraithe le réimsí ar bith, toisc go bhfuil na fo-aicmí ``Eisceacht' in áirithe cheana féin na hainmneacha cuardaigh.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import datetime\n>>> from django.db.models import Count, DateTimeField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Trunc\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321))\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123))\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 12, 25, 10, 5, 27, 999))\n>>> experiments_per_day = (\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...         start_day=Trunc("start_datetime", "day", output_field=DateTimeField())\n...     )\n...     .values("start_day")\n...     .annotate(experiments=Count("id"))\n... )\n>>> for exp in experiments_per_day:\n...     print(exp["start_day"], exp["experiments"])\n...\n2015-06-15 00:00:00 2\n2015-12-25 00:00:00 1\n>>> experiments = Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     start_day=Trunc("start_datetime", "day", output_field=DateTimeField())\n... ).filter(start_day=datetime(2015, 6, 15))\n>>> for exp in experiments:\n...     print(exp.start_datetime)\n...\n2015-06-15 14:30:50.000321\n2015-06-15 14:40:02.000123\n
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Dáta Field truncationLink to this heading#

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\nclass TruncYear(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nkind = 'year'
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\nclass TruncMonth(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nkind = 'month'
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\nclass TruncWeek(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Cuireann sé go meán oíche Dé Luain na seachtaine.

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\nkind = 'week'
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\nclass TruncQuarter(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\nkind = 'quarter'
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Tá siad seo coibhéiseach go loighciúil le Trunc ('date_field', cineál) ``. Déanann siad gach cuid den dáta a ghearradh suas go dtí ``cineál`, rud a cheadaíonn dátaí a ghrúpáil nó a scagadh gan níos lú cruinneas. Is féidir le ``expression output_field` de DateField nó DateTimefield a bheith aige.

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Ós rud é nach bhfuil comhpháirt ama ag Datefield, ní féidir ach fo-aicmí Trunc a dhéileálann le dáta-chodanna a úsáid le Datefield:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import UTC, datetime\n>>> from django.db.models import Count\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncMonth, TruncYear\n>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> start2 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_date=start1.date())\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start2, start_date=start2.date())\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start3, start_date=start3.date())\n>>> experiments_per_year = (\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(year=TruncYear("start_date"))\n...     .values("year")\n...     .annotate(experiments=Count("id"))\n... )\n>>> for exp in experiments_per_year:\n...     print(exp["year"], exp["experiments"])\n...\n2014-01-01 1\n2015-01-01 2\n\n>>> import zoneinfo\n>>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Melbourne")\n>>> experiments_per_month = (\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(month=TruncMonth("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb))\n...     .values("month")\n...     .annotate(experiments=Count("id"))\n... )\n>>> for exp in experiments_per_month:\n...     print(exp["month"], exp["experiments"])\n...\n2015-06-01 00:00:00+10:00 1\n2016-01-01 00:00:00+11:00 1\n2014-06-01 00:00:00+10:00 1\n
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DateTimeField truncationLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass TruncDate(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nlookup_name = 'date'
\n
\n\n
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\noutput_field = DateField()
\n
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\n\n

Caitheann TruncDate sainráite` go dáta seachas an fheidhm truncate SQL ionsuite a úsáid. Tá sé cláraithe freisin mar chlaochlú ar DateTimeField mar ``__date ``.

\n
\n
\nclass TruncTime(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nlookup_name = 'time'
\n
\n\n
\n
\noutput_field = TimeField()
\n
\n\n
\n\n

Caitheann TruncTime léiriú ``go dtí am seachas an fheidhm truncate SQL ionsuite a úsáid. Tá sé cláraithe freisin mar chlaochlú ar ``DateTimeField` mar __time.

\n
\n
\nclass TruncDay(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nkind = 'day'
\n
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\n\n
\n
\nclass TruncHour(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nkind = 'hour'
\n
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\n\n
\n
\nclass TruncMinute(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nkind = 'minute'
\n
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\n\n
\n
\nclass TruncSecond(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n
\nkind = 'second'
\n
\n\n
\n\n

Tá siad seo coibhéiseach go loighciúil le Trunc ('datetime_field', cineál) ``. Déanann siad gach cuid den dáta a ghearradh suas go “cineál” agus ceadaíonn siad dáta a ghrúpáil nó a scagadh le níos lú cruinneas. Caithfidh ``output_field de DateTimeField` a bheith ag expression.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import UTC, date, datetime\n>>> from django.db.models import Count\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import (\n...     TruncDate,\n...     TruncDay,\n...     TruncHour,\n...     TruncMinute,\n...     TruncSecond,\n... )\n>>> import zoneinfo\n>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_date=start1.date())\n>>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Melbourne")\n>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...     date=TruncDate("start_datetime"),\n...     day=TruncDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     hour=TruncHour("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     minute=TruncMinute("start_datetime"),\n...     second=TruncSecond("start_datetime"),\n... ).values("date", "day", "hour", "minute", "second").get()\n{'date': datetime.date(2014, 6, 15),\n 'day': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 16, 0, 0, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Australia/Melbourne')),\n 'hour': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 16, 0, 0, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Australia/Melbourne')),\n 'minute': 'minute': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, tzinfo=UTC),\n 'second': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, tzinfo=UTC)\n}\n
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\n

Aimréimhseach curcúLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass TruncHour(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)
\n
\n
\nkind = 'hour'
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\nclass TruncMinute(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)
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\n
\nkind = 'minute'
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\n\n
\n\n
\n
\nclass TruncSecond(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)
\n
\n
\nkind = 'second'
\n
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\n\n

Tá siad seo coibhéiseach go loighciúil le Trunc ('time_field', cineál) ``. Déanann siad gach cuid den am a ghearradh suas go dtí “cineál” a cheadaíonn amanna grúpála nó scagtha le níos lú cruinneas. Is féidir le ``expression output_field` de Timfield nó DateTimefield a bheith aige.

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Ós rud é nach bhfuil comhpháirt dáta ag Timfield, ní féidir ach fo-aicmí Trunc a dhéileálann le páirteanna ama a úsáid le Timfield:

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Python console
>>> from datetime import UTC, datetime\n>>> from django.db.models import Count, TimeField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncHour\n>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> start2 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=UTC)\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_time=start1.time())\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start2, start_time=start2.time())\n>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start3, start_time=start3.time())\n>>> experiments_per_hour = (\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...         hour=TruncHour("start_datetime", output_field=TimeField()),\n...     )\n...     .values("hour")\n...     .annotate(experiments=Count("id"))\n... )\n>>> for exp in experiments_per_hour:\n...     print(exp["hour"], exp["experiments"])\n...\n14:00:00 2\n17:00:00 1\n\n>>> import zoneinfo\n>>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Melbourne")\n>>> experiments_per_hour = (\n...     Experiment.objects.annotate(\n...         hour=TruncHour("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),\n...     )\n...     .values("hour")\n...     .annotate(experiments=Count("id"))\n... )\n>>> for exp in experiments_per_hour:\n...     print(exp["hour"], exp["experiments"])\n...\n2014-06-16 00:00:00+10:00 2\n2016-01-01 04:00:00+11:00 1\n
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\n
\n

JSON FunctionsLink to this heading#

\n
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JSONArrayLink to this heading#

\n\n
\n
\nclass JSONArray(*expressions)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Accepts a list of field names or expressions and returns a JSON array\ncontaining those values.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from django.db.models import F\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import JSONArray, Lower\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith", alias="msmith", age=25)\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(\n...     json_array=JSONArray(\n...         Lower("name"),\n...         "alias",\n...         F("age") * 2,\n...     )\n... ).get()\n>>> author.json_array\n['margaret smith', 'msmith', 50]\n
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\n

JSONObjectLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass JSONObject(**fields)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tógann sé liosta de phéirí luacha eochair agus filleann sé réad JSON ina bhfuil na péirí sin ar ais.

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Sampla úsáide:

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Python console
>>> from django.db.models import F\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import JSONObject, Lower\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith", alias="msmith", age=25)\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(\n...     json_object=JSONObject(\n...         name=Lower("name"),\n...         alias="alias",\n...         age=F("age") * 2,\n...     )\n... ).get()\n>>> author.json_object\n{'name': 'margaret smith', 'alias': 'msmith', 'age': 50}\n
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\n
\n
\n

Feidhmeanna MateLink to this heading#

\n

Beidh muid ag úsáid an tsamhail seo a leanas i samplaí feidhme matamaitice:

\n
Code
class Vector(models.Model):\n    x = models.FloatField()\n    y = models.FloatField()\n
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\n

AbsLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Abs(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann luach iomlán réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Abs\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-0.5, y=1.1)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_abs=Abs("x"), y_abs=Abs("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_abs, vector.y_abs\n(0.5, 1.1)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Abs\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Abs)\n>>> # Get vectors inside the unit cube\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__abs__lt=1, y__abs__lt=1)\n
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\n

``Acos ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass ACos(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé arcosine réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais. Caithfidh an luach abairt a bheith laistigh den raon -1 go 1.

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Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ACos\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0.5, y=-0.9)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_acos=ACos("x"), y_acos=ACos("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_acos, vector.y_acos\n(1.0471975511965979, 2.6905658417935308)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import ACos\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ACos)\n>>> # Get vectors whose arccosine is less than 1\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__acos__lt=1, y__acos__lt=1)\n
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\n
\n

AsinLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass ASin(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé arcsine réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais. Caithfidh an luach abairt a bheith sa raon -1 go 1.

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Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ASin\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0, y=1)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_asin=ASin("x"), y_asin=ASin("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_asin, vector.y_asin\n(0.0, 1.5707963267948966)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import ASin\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ASin)\n>>> # Get vectors whose arcsine is less than 1\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__asin__lt=1, y__asin__lt=1)\n
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\n

AtanLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass ATan(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Filleann sé arctangent réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil.

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Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=3.12, y=6.987)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_atan=ATan("x"), y_atan=ATan("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_atan, vector.y_atan\n(1.2606282660069106, 1.428638798133829)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ATan)\n>>> # Get vectors whose arctangent is less than 2\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__atan__lt=2, y__atan__lt=2)\n
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\n

Atan2Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass ATan2(expression1, expression2, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé an arctangent de expression1/expression2 ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan2\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2.5, y=1.9)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(atan2=ATan2("x", "y")).get()\n>>> vector.atan2\n0.9209258773829491\n
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\n

UasteorainLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Ceil(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Filleann sé an sláimhir is lú níos mó ná réimse uimhriúil nó léiriú uimhriúil.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ceil\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=3.12, y=7.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_ceil=Ceil("x"), y_ceil=Ceil("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_ceil, vector.y_ceil\n(4.0, 7.0)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ceil\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Ceil)\n>>> # Get vectors whose ceil is less than 10\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__ceil__lt=10, y__ceil__lt=10)\n
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\n

CosLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Cos(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé cosine réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cos\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-8.0, y=3.1415926)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_cos=Cos("x"), y_cos=Cos("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_cos, vector.y_cos\n(-0.14550003380861354, -0.9999999999999986)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cos\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Cos)\n>>> # Get vectors whose cosine is less than 0.5\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__cos__lt=0.5, y__cos__lt=0.5)\n
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\n

CotLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Cot(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé cotangent réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cot\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=12.0, y=1.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_cot=Cot("x"), y_cot=Cot("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_cot, vector.y_cot\n(-1.5726734063976826, 0.642092615934331)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cot\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Cot)\n>>> # Get vectors whose cotangent is less than 1\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__cot__lt=1, y__cot__lt=1)\n
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\n

CéimeLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Degrees(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Athraíonn sé réimse nó léiriú uimhriúil ó radáin go céimeanna.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Degrees\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-1.57, y=3.14)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_d=Degrees("x"), y_d=Degrees("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_d, vector.y_d\n(-89.95437383553924, 179.9087476710785)\n
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Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Degrees\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Degrees)\n>>> # Get vectors whose degrees are less than 360\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__degrees__lt=360, y__degrees__lt=360)\n
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\n

ExpLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Exp(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé luach e` (an bonn logarithm nádúrtha) arna ardú go cumhacht réimse uimhriúil nó léirithe uimhriúil.

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Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Exp\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_exp=Exp("x"), y_exp=Exp("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_exp, vector.y_exp\n(221.40641620418717, 0.1353352832366127)\n
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Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Exp\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Exp)\n>>> # Get vectors whose exp() is greater than 10\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__exp__gt=10, y__exp__gt=10)\n
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\n

UrlárLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Floor(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé an luach sláireach is mó nach mó ná réimse uimhriúil nó léiriú uimhriúil.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Floor\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_floor=Floor("x"), y_floor=Floor("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_floor, vector.y_floor\n(5.0, -3.0)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Floor\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Floor)\n>>> # Get vectors whose floor() is greater than 10\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__floor__gt=10, y__floor__gt=10)\n
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\n

LnLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Ln(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann an logarithm nádúrtha réimse uimhriúil nó léiriú ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ln\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=233.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_ln=Ln("x"), y_ln=Ln("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_ln, vector.y_ln\n(1.6863989535702288, 5.4510384535657)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ln\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Ln)\n>>> # Get vectors whose value greater than e\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__ln__gt=1, y__ln__gt=1)\n
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\n

LogLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Log(expression1, expression2, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le dhá réimse nó abairt uimhriúla agus cuireann sé logarithm an dara ceann ar ais go bonn an chéad cheann.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Log\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2.0, y=4.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(log=Log("x", "y")).get()\n>>> vector.log\n2.0\n
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\n
\n

ModLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Mod(expression1, expression2, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le dhá réimse nó abairt uimhriúla agus filleann sé an chuid eile den chéad cheann roinnte leis an dara (oibríocht modulo).

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Mod\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=2.3)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(mod=Mod("x", "y")).get()\n>>> vector.mod\n0.8\n
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\n

PiLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Pi(**extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann luach an tairiseach matamaiticiúil π ar ais.

\n
\n
\n

``Cumhacht ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Power(expression1, expression2, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le dhá réimse nó abairt uimhriúla agus filleann sé luach an chéad cheann a ardaíodh go cumhacht an dara ceann.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Power\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2, y=-2)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(power=Power("x", "y")).get()\n>>> vector.power\n0.25\n
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\n
\n

RadiansLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Radians(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Athraíonn sé réimse nó léiriú uimhriúil ó chéimeanna go radáin.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Radians\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-90, y=180)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_r=Radians("x"), y_r=Radians("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_r, vector.y_r\n(-1.5707963267948966, 3.141592653589793)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Radians\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Radians)\n>>> # Get vectors whose radians are less than 1\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__radians__lt=1, y__radians__lt=1)\n
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\n

RandamLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Random(**extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann luach randamach ar ais sa raon 0.0 ≤ x <1.0.

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\n
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BabhnaLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Round(expression, precision=0, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Cuireann réimse uimhriúil nó abairt uimhriúil chuig áiteanna deachúla ``cruinneas ``(ní mór gur sláimhir a bheith). De réir réamhshocraithe, cruinneann sé go dtí an sláimhir is gaire. Braitheann cibé an bhfuil leathluachanna cruinnithe suas nó síos ar an mbunachar sonraí.

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Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Round\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.37)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_r=Round("x"), y_r=Round("y", precision=1)).get()\n>>> vector.x_r, vector.y_r\n(5.0, -2.4)\n
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Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Round\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Round)\n>>> # Get vectors whose round() is less than 20\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__round__lt=20, y__round__lt=20)\n
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\n
\n

ComharthaLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Sign(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé an comhartha (-1, 0, 1) de réimse uimhriúil nó léiriú ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sign\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_sign=Sign("x"), y_sign=Sign("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_sign, vector.y_sign\n(1, -1)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sign\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Sign)\n>>> # Get vectors whose signs of components are less than 0.\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__sign__lt=0, y__sign__lt=0)\n
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\n
\n

SinLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Sin(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé sin réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sin\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_sin=Sin("x"), y_sin=Sin("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_sin, vector.y_sin\n(-0.7727644875559871, -0.7457052121767203)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sin\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Sin)\n>>> # Get vectors whose sin() is less than 0\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__sin__lt=0, y__sin__lt=0)\n
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\n
\n

CearrLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Sqrt(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé fréamh cearnach réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil neamhdhiúltach ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sqrt\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=4.0, y=12.0)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_sqrt=Sqrt("x"), y_sqrt=Sqrt("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_sqrt, vector.y_sqrt\n(2.0, 3.46410)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sqrt\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Sqrt)\n>>> # Get vectors whose sqrt() is less than 5\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__sqrt__lt=5, y__sqrt__lt=5)\n
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\n

TanLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Tan(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\n\n

Tugann sé tagent réimse nó léirithe uimhriúil ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Tan\n>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0, y=12)\n>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_tan=Tan("x"), y_tan=Tan("y")).get()\n>>> vector.x_tan, vector.y_tan\n(0.0, -0.6358599286615808)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import FloatField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Tan\n>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Tan)\n>>> # Get vectors whose tangent is less than 0\n>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__tan__lt=0, y__tan__lt=0)\n
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Feidhmeanna téacsLink to this heading#

\n
\n

ChrLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Chr(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse nó léiriú uimhriúil agus cuireann sé léiriú téacs an abairt ar ais mar charachtar amháin. Oibríonn sé mar an gcéanna le feidhm Python: Func: chr.

\n

Cosúil le: Class: Fad `, is féidir é a chlárú mar chlaochlú ar ``Integerfield. Is é chr an t-ainm cuardaigh réamhshocraithe.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Chr\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith=Chr(ord("M"))).get()\n>>> print(author.name)\nMargaret Smith\n
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\n
\n

ConcatLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Concat(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le liosta de dhá réimse nó abairt téacs ar a laghad agus cuireann sé an téacs comhtháite ar ais. Caithfidh gach argóint a bheith de chineál téacs nó char. Más mian leat textField () ``a chomhcheangal le ``charField (), ansin bí cinnte a rá le Django gur chóir go mbeadh an output_field ina textField () `. Teastaíonn output_field a shonrú freisin agus Luach á gcomhcheangal mar atá sa sampla thíos.

\n

Ní bheidh toradh neall ag an bhfeidhm seo riamh. Ar chúltaca ina bhfuil an abairt iomlán neall mar thoradh ar argóint neall, cinnteoidh Django go ndéantar gach cuid null a thiontú go sreang folamh ar dtús.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> # Get the display name as "name (goes_by)"\n>>> from django.db.models import CharField, Value as V\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Concat\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith", goes_by="Maggie")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(\n...     screen_name=Concat("name", V(" ("), "goes_by", V(")"), output_field=CharField())\n... ).get()\n>>> print(author.screen_name)\nMargaret Smith (Maggie)\n
\n
\n
\n

``Ar Chlé `Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Left(expression, length, **extra)Link to this definition#
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\n\n

Tugann sé na chéad charachtair ``fad ``den réimse téacs nó an léiriú téacs a thugtar ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Left\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left("name", 1)).get()\n>>> print(author.first_initial)\nM\n
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\n
\n

``Fad ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Length(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse téacs amháin nó léiriú agus filleann sé líon na gcarachtar atá ag an luach. Má tá an abairt neall, ansin beidh an fad niall freisin.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> # Get the length of the name and goes_by fields\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Length\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(\n...     name_length=Length("name"), goes_by_length=Length("goes_by")\n... ).get()\n>>> print(author.name_length, author.goes_by_length)\n(14, None)\n
\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú. Mar shampla:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import CharField\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Length\n>>> CharField.register_lookup(Length)\n>>> # Get authors whose name is longer than 7 characters\n>>> authors = Author.objects.filter(name__length__gt=7)\n
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\n
\n

`ÍoslagLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Lower(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse nó léiriú téacs amháin agus filleann sé an léiriú beaga ar ais.

\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Lower\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_lower=Lower("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.name_lower)\nmargaret smith\n
\n
\n
\n

LpadLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass LPad(expression, length, fill_text=Value(' '), **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Filleann luach an réimse téacs nó an léirithe téacs a thugtar a chuirtear ar an taobh clé le fill_text` ionas gurb é carachtair fad ``an luach mar thoradh air sin. Is é an réamhshocraithe ``fill_text spás.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import Value\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import LPad\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="John", alias="j")\n>>> Author.objects.update(name=LPad("name", 8, Value("abc")))\n1\n>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias="j").name)\nabcaJohn\n
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\n
\n

``Ltrim ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass LTrim(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Cosúil le:class: ~Django.db.Models.Functions.Trim, ach ní bhaineann sé ach spásanna tosaigh.

\n
\n
\n

MD5Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass MD5(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse téacs amháin nó léiriú agus filleann sé hash MD5 an teaghrán ar ais.

\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import MD5\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_md5=MD5("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.name_md5)\n749fb689816b2db85f5b169c2055b247\n
\n
\n
\n

OrdLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Ord(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse téacs amháin nó léiriú agus filleann sé luach pointe cód Unicode ar ais don chéad charachtar den abairt sin. Oibríonn sé cosúil le feidhm Python: Func: ord, ach ní ardaítear eisceacht má tá an abairt níos mó ná carachtar amháin ar fad.

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Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad. Is é ord` an t-ainm cuardaigh réamhshocraithe.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ord\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_code_point=Ord("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.name_code_point)\n77\n
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\n
\n

``Athsheol`Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Repeat(expression, number, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé luach an réimse téacs nó na léirithe téacs a thugtar arís agus arís eile ``uimhir ``uimhir.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Repeat\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="John", alias="j")\n>>> Author.objects.update(name=Repeat("name", 3))\n1\n>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias="j").name)\nJohnJohnJohn\n
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\n
\n

AthraitheLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Replace(expression, text, replacement=Value(''), **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Cuirtear athsholáthair in léirithe in léirithe` in léirithe` in ionad ``téacs ``. Is é an téacs athsholáthair réamhshocraithe an teaghrán folamh. Tá na hargóintí leis an bhfeidhm íogair ó chásanna.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import Value\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Replace\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Johnson")\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> Author.objects.update(name=Replace("name", Value("Margaret"), Value("Margareth")))\n2\n>>> Author.objects.values("name")\n<QuerySet [{'name': 'Margareth Johnson'}, {'name': 'Margareth Smith'}]>\n
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\n
\n

`Ag siomLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Reverse(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse téacs amháin nó léiriú agus cuireann sé carachtair na léirithe sin ar ais in ord droim.

\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad. Is é reverse an t-ainm cuardaigh réamhshocraithe.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Reverse\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.backward)\nhtimS teragraM\n
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\n
\n

``Ceart `Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Right(expression, length, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé ar ais na carachtair deireanacha ``fad ``den réimse téacs nó an léiriú téacs a thugtar.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Right\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(last_letter=Right("name", 1)).get()\n>>> print(author.last_letter)\nh\n
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\n
\n

RpadLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass RPad(expression, length, fill_text=Value(' '), **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Cosúil le:class: ~django.db.models.functions.lpad, ach ceapáin ar an taobh dheis.

\n
\n
\n

``Rtrim ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass RTrim(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Cosúil le:class: ~Django.db.Models.Functions.Trim, ach ní bhaineann sé ach spásanna imeachta.

\n
\n
\n

SHA1, SHA224`, SHA256`, SHA384`, agus SHA512Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass SHA1(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n
\n
\nclass SHA224(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n
\n
\nclass SHA256(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n
\n
\nclass SHA384(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n
\n
\nclass SHA512(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse téacs amháin nó léiriú agus filleann sé hash áirithe an teaghrán ar ais.

\n

Is féidir iad a chlárú freisin mar athruithe mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import SHA1\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_sha1=SHA1("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.name_sha1)\nb87efd8a6c991c390be5a68e8a7945a7851c7e5c\n
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\n
\n

StrIndexLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass StrIndex(expression, substring, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Returns a positive integer corresponding to the 1-indexed position of the first\noccurrence of substring inside expression, or 0 if substring is not\nfound.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models import Value as V\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import StrIndex\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Smith, Margaret")\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Jackson")\n>>> Author.objects.filter(name="Margaret Jackson").annotate(\n...     smith_index=StrIndex("name", V("Smith"))\n... ).get().smith_index\n0\n>>> authors = Author.objects.annotate(smith_index=StrIndex("name", V("Smith"))).filter(\n...     smith_index__gt=0\n... )\n<QuerySet [<Author: Margaret Smith>, <Author: Smith, Margaret>]>\n
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\n

FoshraitheLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Substr(expression, pos, length=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé fotheagán de fhad fad ``ón réimse nó an abairt a thosaíonn ag an suíomh ``pos. Tá an suíomh 1-innéacsaithe, mar sin caithfidh an seasamh a bheith níos mó ná 0. Más é `fad ```None, ansin cuirfear an chuid eile den teaghrán ar ais.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> # Set the alias to the first 5 characters of the name as lowercase\n>>> from django.db.models.functions import Lower, Substr\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> Author.objects.update(alias=Lower(Substr("name", 1, 5)))\n1\n>>> print(Author.objects.get(name="Margaret Smith").alias)\nmarga\n
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\n
\n

TrimLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Trim(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Tugann sé luach an réimse nó an léirithe téacs a thugtar ar ais le spásanna tosaigh agus leantacha bainte.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Trim\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="  John  ", alias="j")\n>>> Author.objects.update(name=Trim("name"))\n1\n>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias="j").name)\nJohn\n
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\n
\n

UachtarLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Upper(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Glacann sé le réimse nó léiriú téacs amháin agus cuireann sé an léiriú uachtarchlóir ar ais

\n

Is féidir é a chlárú freisin mar chlaochlú mar a thuairiscítear in:class: Fad.

\n

Sampla úsáide:

\n
Python console
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Upper\n>>> Author.objects.create(name="Margaret Smith")\n>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_upper=Upper("name")).get()\n>>> print(author.name_upper)\nMARGARET SMITH\n
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\n

Feidhmeanna fuinnLink to this heading#

\n

Tá roinnt feidhmeanna le húsáid in a:class: ~Django.db.Models.Expressions.Window léiriú chun céim na n-eilimintí nó an: aicme: Ntile de roinnt sraitheanna a ríomh.

\n
\n

CumedistLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass CumeDist(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Ríomhann dáileadh carnach luach laistigh de fhuinneog nó deighilt. Sainmhínítear an dáileadh carnach mar líon na sraitheanna roimh an tsraith reatha nó a chuirtear leis an tsraith reatha roinnte le líon iomlán na sraitheanna sa fhráma.

\n
\n
\n

DenserankLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass DenseRank(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Coibhéiseach len:class: Rank ach níl bearnaí aige.

\n
\n
\n

ChéadluachLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass FirstValue(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Filleann sé an luach a mheastófar ag an tsraith arb é an chéad shraith den fhráma fuinneoige, nó ``Níl ``mura bhfuil aon luach den sórt sin ann.

\n
\n
\n

LagLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Lag(expression, offset=1, default=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Ríomhann an luach a fhritháireamh le offset, agus mura bhfuil aon tsraith ann, filleann sé default.

\n

Caithfidh réamhshocraithe an cineál céanna a bheith ag an ``léiritheo`, áfach, ní bhailítear é seo ach ag an mbunachar sonraí agus ní i Python.

\n\n
\n
\n

``Luach deiridh ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass LastValue(expression, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Inchomparáide len:class: FirstValue, ríomhann sé an luach deireanach i gclásal fráma ar leith.

\n
\n
\n

LuaideLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Lead(expression, offset=1, default=None, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

<window-frames>Ríomhann an luach tosaigh i dtugtar: ref: fráma `. Déantar meastóireacht ar ``offset` agus default araon maidir leis an tsraith reatha.

\n

Caithfidh réamhshocraithe an cineál céanna a bheith ag an ``léiritheo`, áfach, ní bhailítear é seo ach ag an mbunachar sonraí agus ní i Python.

\n\n
\n
\n

NthluachLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass NthValue(expression, nth=1, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Ríomhann an tsraith i gcoibhneas leis an bhfritháireamh nth (caithfidh a bheith ina luach dearfach) laistigh den fhuinneog. Tugann sé ar ais None mura bhfuil aon tsraith ann.

\n

Féadfaidh roinnt bunachair sonraí n-luach nach bhfuil ann a láimhseáil go difriúil. Mar shampla, filleann Oracle sreang folamh seachas ``None ``le haghaidh nathanna carachtarbhunaithe. Ní dhéanann Django aon tiontaithe sna cásanna seo.

\n
\n
\n

``Ntile ``Link to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass Ntile(num_buckets=1, **extra)Link to this definition#
\n
\n\n

Ríomhann deighilt do gach ceann de na sraitheanna sa chlásal fráma, ag dáileadh uimhreacha chomh cothrom agus is féidir idir 1 agus num_buckets. Mura roinntear na sraitheanna go cothrom i roinnt buicéad, cuirfear buicéad amháin nó níos mó ionadaíocht níos minice.

\n
\n
\n

Rang céatadáinLink to this heading#

\n
\n
\nclass PercentRank(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Ríomhann céim choibhneasta na sraitheanna sa chlásal fráma. Tá an ríomh seo comhionann le measúnú a dhéanamh ar:

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Text
(rank - 1) / (total rows - 1)\n
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Míníonn an tábla seo a leanas an ríomh maidir le céim choibhneasta a chéile:

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Sraith #

Luach

Céim

ríomh

Rang Choibhneasta

1

15

1

(1-1)/(7-1)

0.0000

2

20

2

(2-1)/(7-1)

0.1666

3

20

2

(2-1)/(7-1)

0.1666

4

20

2

(2-1)/(7-1)

0.1666

5

30

5

(5-1)/(7-1)

0.6666

6

30

5

(5-1)/(7-1)

0.6666

7

40

7

(7-1)/(7-1)

1.0000

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RangLink to this heading#

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\nclass Rank(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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Inchomparáide len:class: RowNumber, rangaíonn an fheidhm seo sraitheanna san fhuinneog. Tá bearnaí sa chéim ríomhaithe. Úsáid: aicme: Denserank chun céim a ríomh gan bearnaí.

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Uimhir SraighLink to this heading#

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\nclass RowNumber(*expressions, **extra)Link to this definition#
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<window-frames>Ríomhann sé uimhir an tsraith de réir ordú an chlásal fráma nó ordú na fiosrúcháin iomláine mura ndéantar deighilt an:ref: `fráma fuinneoige `.

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