{"title":"Comhaid a bhainistiú","version":"5.2","locale":"ga","docname":"topics/files","url":"/ga/5.2/topics/files/","canonical":"https://djangodocs.dev/ga/5.2/topics/files/","summary":"Déanann an doiciméad seo cur síos ar APIs rochtana comhaid Django do chomhaid mar iad siúd a uaslódálann úsáideoir Tá na APIs leibhéal níos ísle ginearálta go leor…","html":"

Comhaid a bhainistiúLink to this heading#

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Déanann an doiciméad seo cur síos ar APIs rochtana comhaid Django do chomhaid mar iad siúd a uaslódálann úsáideoir Tá na APIs leibhéal níos ísle ginearálta go leor gur féidir leat iad a úsáid chun críocha eile. Más mian leat “comhaid statacha” a láimhseáil (JS, CSS, srl.), Féach: doc: `/howto/static-files/index `.

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De réir réamhshocraithe, stóráilíonn Django comhaid go háitiúil, ag baint úsáide as socruithe:: MEDIA_ROOT agus:setting: MEDIA_URL. Glacann na samplaí thíos leis go bhfuil na réamhshocruithe seo á úsáid agat.

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Mar sin féin, soláthraíonn Django bealaí chun `córais stórála comhad `_ saincheaptha a scríobh a ligeann duit cá háit agus conas a stórálann Django comhaid a shaincheapadh go hiomlán. Déanann an dara leath den doiciméad seo cur síos ar conas a oibríonn na córais stórála

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Comhaid a úsáid i samhlachaLink to this heading#

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Nuair a úsáideann tú a:class: ~django.db.models.filefield nó:class: ~django.db.models.imagefield, soláthraíonn Django sraith APIs is féidir leat a úsáid chun déileáil leis an gcomhad sin.

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Smaoinigh ar an tsamhail seo a leanas, ag baint úsáide as an:class: ~django.db.models.imagefield chun grianghraf a stóráil:

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Code
from django.db import models\n\n\nclass Car(models.Model):\n    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)\n    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)\n    photo = models.ImageField(upload_to="cars")\n    specs = models.FileField(upload_to="specs")\n
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Beidh tréith grianghraf ``ag aon shampla ``Car is féidir leat a úsáid chun sonraí an ghrianghraf ceangailte a fháil:

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Python console
>>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")\n>>> car.photo\n<ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>\n>>> car.photo.name\n'cars/chevy.jpg'\n>>> car.photo.path\n'/media/cars/chevy.jpg'\n>>> car.photo.url\n'https://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'\n
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Is réad “Comhad” é an réad seo - car.photo sa sampla -- réad ``Comhad ``, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil na modhanna agus na tréithe go léir a thuairiscítear thíos aige.

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Mar shampla, is féidir leat ainm an chomhaid a athrú tríd an comhad a shocrú 's:attr: ~django.core.files.name go cosán i gcoibhneas le suíomh stórála an chomhaid (:setting: MEDIA_ROOT má tá an réamhshocraithe:class: ~django.core.files.storage.fileSystemStorage):

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Python console
>>> import os\n>>> from django.conf import settings\n>>> initial_path = car.photo.path\n>>> car.photo.name = "cars/chevy_ii.jpg"\n>>> new_path = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, car.photo.name)\n>>> # Move the file on the filesystem\n>>> os.rename(initial_path, new_path)\n>>> car.save()\n>>> car.photo.path\n'/media/cars/chevy_ii.jpg'\n>>> car.photo.path == new_path\nTrue\n
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Chun comhad atá ann cheana a shábháil ar dhiosca chuig a:class: ~Django.db.Models.FileField:

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Python console
>>> from pathlib import Path\n>>> from django.core.files import File\n>>> path = Path("/some/external/specs.pdf")\n>>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")\n>>> with path.open(mode="rb") as f:\n...     car.specs = File(f, name=path.name)\n...     car.save()\n...\n
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An réad ``Comhad ``Link to this heading#

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Go hinmheánach, úsáideann Django sampla a:class: Django.core.files.file aon uair a theastaíonn uaidh comhad a léiriú.

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An chuid is mó den am úsáidfidh tú ``Comhad ``a thug Django duit (ie comhad atá ceangailte le samhail mar thuas, nó comhad uaslódáilte b'fhéidir).

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Más gá duit Comhad ``a thógáil duit féin, is é an bealach is éasca ceann a chruthú ag baint úsáide as réad `comhad ionsuite Python:

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Python console
>>> from django.core.files import File\n\n# Create a Python file object using open()\n>>> f = open("/path/to/hello.world", "w")\n>>> myfile = File(f)\n
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Anois is féidir leat aon cheann de na tréithe agus na modhanna doiciméadaithe den aicme:class: ~django.core.files.file a úsáid.

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Bí ar an eolas nach ndúntar comhaid a cruthaíodh ar an mbealach seo go huathoibr Is féidir an cur chuige seo a leanas a úsáid chun comhaid a dhúnadh go huathoibr

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Python console
>>> from django.core.files import File\n\n# Create a Python file object using open() and the with statement\n>>> with open("/path/to/hello.world", "w") as f:\n...     myfile = File(f)\n...     myfile.write("Hello World")\n...\n>>> myfile.closed\nTrue\n>>> f.closed\nTrue\n
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Tá sé tábhachtach go háirithe comhaid a dhúnadh agus tú ag teacht ar réimsí comhaid i lúb thar líon mór rudaí. Mura ndúntar comhaid de láimh tar éis rochtain a fháil orthu, d'fhéadfadh an riosca go n-éireoidh amach as tuairiscí comhaid. D'fhéadfadh an earráid seo a leanas a bheith mar thoradh air seo:

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Pytb
OSError: [Errno 24] Too many open files\n
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Stóráil comhadLink to this heading#

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Taobh thiar de na radhairc, déanann Django cinntí faoi conas agus cá háit a stóráil comhaid chuig córas stórála comhaid. Is é seo an réad a thuigeann rudaí cosúil le córais chomhaid, comhad a oscailt agus a léamh, srl.

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Is é stóráil comhaid réamhshocraithe Django `:class: django.core.files.storage.filesystemStorage``. Mura soláthraíonn tú córas stórála go sainráite san eochair ``réamhshocraithe den socrú:setting: STORAGES, is é seo an ceann a úsáidfear.

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Féach thíos le haghaidh sonraí faoin gcóras stórála comhaid réamhshocraithe ionsuite, agus féach: doc: /howto/custom-file-storage le haghaidh faisnéise maidir le do chóras stórála comhaid féin a scríobh.

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Rudaí stórálaLink to this heading#

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Cé go mbeidh tú ag iarraidh réad ``Comhad ``a úsáid an chuid is mó den am (a thosclaíonn chuig an stóráil cheart don chomhad sin), is féidir leat córais stórála comhaid a úsáid go díreach. Is féidir leat sampla de rang stórála comhaid saincheaptha a chruthú, nó - is minic níos úsáideach - is féidir leat an córas stórála réamhshocraithe domhanda a úsáid:

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Python console
>>> from django.core.files.base import ContentFile\n>>> from django.core.files.storage import default_storage\n\n>>> path = default_storage.save("path/to/file", ContentFile(b"new content"))\n>>> path\n'path/to/file'\n\n>>> default_storage.size(path)\n11\n>>> default_storage.open(path).read()\nb'new content'\n\n>>> default_storage.delete(path)\n>>> default_storage.exists(path)\nFalse\n
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Féach: doc: /ref/files/storage don API stórála comhaid.

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An rang stórála córas comhaid ionsuiteLink to this heading#

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Seolann Django le aicme a:class: django.core.files.storage.filesystemStorage a chuireann stóráil bhunúsach comhaid chórais comhaid áitiúil i bhfeidhm.

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Mar shampla, stóráilfidh an cód seo a leanas comhaid uaslódáilte faoi ``/meáin/grianghraif ``is cuma cad é do shuíomh: MEDIA_ROOT:

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Code
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage\nfrom django.db import models\n\nfs = FileSystemStorage(location="/media/photos")\n\n\nclass Car(models.Model):\n    ...\n    photo = models.ImageField(storage=fs)\n
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Custom storage systems work the same way:\nyou can pass them in as the storage argument to a\nFileField.

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Ag baint úsáide as inghlaochLink to this heading#

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Is féidir leat glaoch a úsáid mar an paraiméadar: attr: ~django.db.models.filefield.storage le haghaidh: class: ~django.db.models.filefield nó:class: ~django.db.models.imagefield. Ligeann sé seo duit an stóráil a úsáidtear a mhodhnú ag rith, ag roghnú stórásanna éagsúla do thimpeallachtaí éagsúla, mar shampla.

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Déanfar do ghlaoch a mheas nuair a luchtar do ranganna samhlacha, agus ní mór duit sampla de:class: ~django.core.files.storage.storage a thabhairt ar ais.

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Mar shampla:

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Code
from django.conf import settings\nfrom django.db import models\nfrom .storages import MyLocalStorage, MyRemoteStorage\n\n\ndef select_storage():\n    return MyLocalStorage() if settings.DEBUG else MyRemoteStorage()\n\n\nclass MyModel(models.Model):\n    my_file = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)\n
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D'fhonn stóráil a shainmhínítear sa socrú: socrú: STORAGES is féidir leat úsáid:data: ~django.core.files.storage.storages:

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Code
from django.core.files.storage import storages\n\n\ndef select_storage():\n    return storages["mystorage"]\n\n\nclass MyModel(models.Model):\n    upload = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)\n
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Because the callable is evaluated when your models classes are loaded, if you\nneed to override the STORAGES setting in tests, you should use a\nLazyObject subclass instead:

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Code
from django.core.files.storage import storages\nfrom django.utils.functional import LazyObject\n\n\nclass OtherStorage(LazyObject):\n    def _setup(self):\n        self._wrapped = storages["mystorage"]\n\n\nmy_storage = OtherStorage()\n\n\nclass MyModel(models.Model):\n    upload = models.FileField(storage=my_storage)\n
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The LazyObject delays the evaluation of the storage until it's actually\nneeded, allowing override_settings() to take effect:

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Code
@override_settings(\n    STORAGES={\n        "mystorage": {\n            "BACKEND": "django.core.files.storage.InMemoryStorage",\n        }\n    }\n)\ndef test_storage():\n    model = MyModel()\n    assert isinstance(model.upload.storage, InMemoryStorage)\n
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","rootId":"managing-files","toc":[{"title":"Comhaid a úsáid i samhlacha","anchor":"using-files-in-models","children":[]},{"title":"An réad ``Comhad ``","anchor":"the-file-object","children":[]},{"title":"Stóráil comhad","anchor":"file-storage","children":[{"title":"Rudaí stórála","anchor":"storage-objects","children":[]},{"title":"An rang stórála córas comhaid ionsuite","anchor":"the-built-in-filesystem-storage-class","children":[]},{"title":"Ag baint úsáide as inghlaoch","anchor":"using-a-callable","children":[]}]}],"breadcrumbs":[{"docname":"topics/index","title":"Using Django","url":"/ga/5.2/topics/"}],"prev":{"docname":"topics/migrations","title":"Imirce","url":"/ga/5.2/topics/migrations/"},"next":{"docname":"topics/testing/index","title":"Testing in Django","url":"/ga/5.2/topics/testing/"},"formats":{"html":"/ga/5.2/topics/files/","markdown":"/ga/5.2/topics/files.md","json":"/ga/5.2/topics/files.json"},"source":"https://github.com/django/django/blob/stable/5.2.x/docs/topics/files.txt","official":"https://docs.djangoproject.com/ga/5.2/topics/files/","inVersions":["6.1","6.0","5.2"],"inLocales":["en","sv","zh-hans","ga","fr","ja","id","it","pt-br","ko","es","el","pl"]}